pureboot: the unified autobaud loader, and the hang that settled the decision

Hardware testing found that a lone calibration pulse wedged the autobaud loader:
run() budgeted only the start-edge wait in measure(), and the rx() that read the
knock behind it was unbudgeted, so one stray low pulse held an unattended device
in the loader and the application never ran. Bound the whole activation — an
expired knock budget returns a byte that cannot be the knock, so control falls
back into the budgeted measure() and an idle line boots the app there.

That fix costs ~22 B, which neither version under review could absorb: the pure
one goes 508 -> 530 on the 1284P and the register one 512 -> 534, both over a
512 B slot. Their margin was never spare capacity, it was the space the missing
fix should have occupied. So the choice between them is moot; both are kept for
the record and no longer built.

pureboot_autobaud_uni.cpp replaces them at 464 B. It is pureboot 5: one read
command and one write command over named spaces (G/g, sel8, addr16, n8) instead
of four per-memory bodies, which collapses four transfer loops into one. The
selector's high nibble carries flash's bank, so the shared cursor stays 16 bits
and no command speaks word addresses. Three things fall out of the freed space:
RAM read/write — the missing feature, and with it arbitrary I/O access, since
AVR maps peripherals into the data space; host-issued SPM, so W's hardcoded
erase/write/RWW tail becomes three writes to a space and any SPM operation is
reachable; and W on the same selector-and-address decode as everything else.

Strictly pure throughout: no inline asm, no global register variable, and no
GPIOR either — the unit lives in a .noinit static, so the loader claims no chip
resource and the chips without GPIOR stop being a special case.

pureboot.py speaks both generations, keyed on the version, so the fixed-baud
path is untouched; --peek/--poke reach the new data space. pbautobaud.py adds a
RAM round-trip and a regression for the hang: a lone pulse must still let the
app boot. All 37 chips plus the 12-preset reflect spot set build and size-test
green, 444-466 B, worst case 46 B under budget. Sim suites 100%: 1284P 17/17,
328P 23/23. Only real-hardware acceptance remains (pureboot/autobaud.md).

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

.gitmodules

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+[submodule "libavr"]
+	path = libavr
+	url = ../libavr.git

CMakeLists.txt

@@ -8,6 +8,9 @@ include(FetchContent)
 if(NOT LIBAVR_ROOT AND DEFINED ENV{LIBAVR_ROOT})
 	set(LIBAVR_ROOT $ENV{LIBAVR_ROOT})
 endif()
+if(NOT LIBAVR_ROOT)
+	set(LIBAVR_ROOT ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/libavr)
+endif()
 if(LIBAVR_ROOT)
 	FetchContent_Declare(libavr SOURCE_DIR ${LIBAVR_ROOT})
 else()
@@ -150,10 +153,7 @@ if(PROJECT_IS_TOP_LEVEL)
 	if(Python3_FOUND)
 		add_test(NAME pureboot.pi
 		         COMMAND ${Python3_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/check_pi.py
-		                 ${CMAKE_OBJDUMP} ${CMAKE_OBJCOPY} ${CMAKE_CXX_COMPILER} ${LIBAVR_MCU}
+		                 ${CMAKE_OBJDUMP} ${CMAKE_NM} $<TARGET_FILE:pureboot> ${PUREBOOT_BASE_HEX})
-		                 $<TARGET_FILE:pureboot>
-		                 ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/CMakeFiles/pureboot.dir/pureboot/pureboot.cpp.obj
-		                 ${PUREBOOT_BASE_HEX})
 		add_test(NAME pureboot.planner
 		         COMMAND ${Python3_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/test_planner.py
 		                 ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/pureboot/pureboot.py)
@@ -248,14 +248,23 @@ if(PROJECT_IS_TOP_LEVEL)
 		                 -DLIMIT=${PUREBOOT_LIMIT} -P ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/check_size.cmake)
 	endfunction()
 
-	# The autobaud loader: one clock-agnostic image per chip, so it has no
+	# The autobaud loader (pureboot/autobaud.md): one clock-agnostic image per
-	# clock x baud axis of its own — the matrix below sweeps those for the
+	# chip, no clock × baud axis, size-tested against the same per-chip budget on
-	# fixed-baud builds, and this one binary has to serve all of them at run
+	# every chip.
-	# time. Size-tested against the same per-chip budget as every other variant.
+	#
-	pureboot_add_loader(pureboot_autobaud SERIAL autobaud)
+	# Only the unified version is built. Its two predecessors —
-	add_test(NAME pureboot_autobaud.size
+	# pureboot_autobaud_pure.cpp at 508 B and pureboot_autobaud_reg.cpp at 512 —
-	         COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DSIZE_TOOL=${CMAKE_SIZE} -DELF=$<TARGET_FILE:pureboot_autobaud>
+	# had 4 B and 0 B of margin on the 1284P, and the fix for the activation hang
-	                 -DLIMIT=${PUREBOOT_LIMIT} -P ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/check_size.cmake)
+	# costs ~22, which puts them at 530 and 534. Neither can ship, so the choice
+	# the branch existed to offer is settled by measurement rather than taste.
+	# The sources stay for the record; autobaud.md carries the numbers.
+	function(pureboot_autobaud_variant name source)
+		pureboot_add_autobaud(${name} ${source})
+		add_test(NAME ${name}.size
+		         COMMAND ${CMAKE_COMMAND} -DSIZE_TOOL=${CMAKE_SIZE} -DELF=$<TARGET_FILE:${name}>
+		                 -DLIMIT=${PUREBOOT_LIMIT} -P ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/check_size.cmake)
+	endfunction()
+	pureboot_autobaud_variant(pureboot_autobaud_uni pureboot_autobaud_uni.cpp)
 
 	# One point of the exhaustive matrix, named from its resolved parameters
 	# so the enumeration cannot collide with itself. Unreachable rates drop
@@ -296,15 +305,16 @@ if(PROJECT_IS_TOP_LEVEL)
 	# sites), the largest image the space produces and a shape the ladder
 	# default — always the *fastest* rate a clock reaches — never picks.
 	#
-	# Every chip runs the full cross product: the size-bearing classes (flash
+	# Bounded to one chip per size-bearing class: flash addressing (the
-	# addressing, hand-over shape, page size, USART inventory) are what make
+	# word-addressed 1284), hand-over shape (the patched vector on the tinies
-	# the image differ, and a chip outside them is expected to match its class
+	# and m48s), page size, and USART inventory. Everything else in the image
-	# — but "expected" is what a matrix is for, and the whole sweep is cheap
+	# is chip-independent code, so a further chip buys builds and no
-	# enough to run rather than reason about. PUREBOOT_FULL_MATRIX is what
+	# coverage; every chip outside the set carries the compact matrix.
-	# selects it; the compact matrix below is the per-commit default.
 	get_property(_full_bauds GLOBAL PROPERTY PUREBOOT_BAUD_LADDER)
 	list(APPEND _full_bauds 16000 4800 2400 1200)
-	if(DEFINED ENV{PUREBOOT_FULL_MATRIX})
+	set(_matrix_spot attiny13a attiny85 atmega48pa atmega8a atmega168pa
+	                 atmega328p atmega164a atmega644a atmega1284p)
+	if(DEFINED ENV{PUREBOOT_FULL_MATRIX} AND LIBAVR_MCU IN_LIST _matrix_spot)
 		foreach(_matrix_hz IN LISTS _full_clocks)
 			foreach(_matrix_baud IN LISTS _full_bauds)
 				pureboot_matrix_point(${_matrix_hz} ${_matrix_baud} software)
@@ -402,12 +412,14 @@ if(PROJECT_IS_TOP_LEVEL)
 		add_custom_command(TARGET pbapp_autobaud POST_BUILD
 		                   COMMAND ${CMAKE_OBJCOPY} -O binary
 		                           $<TARGET_FILE:pbapp_autobaud> $<TARGET_FILE:pbapp_autobaud>.bin)
-		add_test(NAME pureboot.autobaud
+		foreach(_variant uni)
-		         COMMAND ${Python3_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/pbautobaud.py
+			add_test(NAME pureboot.autobaud_${_variant}
-		                 ${PB_DEVICE} $<TARGET_FILE:pureboot_autobaud> ${PUREBOOT_SIM_MCU}
+			         COMMAND ${Python3_EXECUTABLE} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/test/pbautobaud.py
-		                 ${PUREBOOT_BASE_HEX} ${PUREBOOT_PAGE} $<TARGET_FILE:pbapp_autobaud>.bin
+			                 ${PB_DEVICE} $<TARGET_FILE:pureboot_autobaud_${_variant}> ${PUREBOOT_SIM_MCU}
-		                 1000000 9600 ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/pureboot/pureboot.py
+			                 ${PUREBOOT_BASE_HEX} ${PUREBOOT_PAGE} $<TARGET_FILE:pbapp_autobaud>.bin
-		                 ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/pbautobaud-work)
+			                 1000000 9600 ${CMAKE_CURRENT_SOURCE_DIR}/pureboot/pureboot.py
-		set_tests_properties(pureboot.autobaud PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 240)
+			                 ${CMAKE_BINARY_DIR}/pbautobaud-${_variant}-work)
+			set_tests_properties(pureboot.autobaud_${_variant} PROPERTIES TIMEOUT 240)
+		endforeach()
 	endif()
 endif()

CMakePresets.json

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
    "hidden": true,
    "generator": "Ninja",
    "binaryDir": "${sourceDir}/build/${presetName}",
-   "toolchainFile": "$env{LIBAVR_ROOT}/cmake/avr-toolchain.cmake",
+   "toolchainFile": "${sourceDir}/libavr/cmake/avr-toolchain.cmake",
    "cacheVariables": {
     "CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE": "Release",
     "CMAKE_EXPORT_COMPILE_COMMANDS": "ON",

pureboot/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -194,19 +194,13 @@ function(pureboot_default_baud clock software outvar)
 endfunction()
 
 # pureboot_add_loader(<name> [CLOCK <hz>] [BAUD <bd>]
-#                     [SERIAL auto|hardware|software|autobaud] [USART <n>]
+#                     [SERIAL auto|hardware|software] [USART <n>]
 #                     [RX <pin>] [TX <pin>] [TIMEOUT <s>])
 #
 # The loader target plus its flashable images (<name>.hex for a programmer,
 # <name>.bin for --update-loader). The resolved deployment is stamped on the
 # target as PUREBOOT_HZ / PUREBOOT_BAUD / PUREBOOT_LINK (the link spelled
 # usart0, usart1 or sw:<RX>,<TX>) — what a test harness speaks to it with.
-#
-# SERIAL autobaud measures the host's bit timing at run time, so the image
-# carries no clock and no baud: CLOCK and BAUD are not build parameters there,
-# and one binary per chip serves every F_CPU and every rate. The stamped
-# PUREBOOT_HZ/PUREBOOT_BAUD then record what a harness should *drive* it at,
-# not what it was built for.
 function(pureboot_add_loader name)
 	cmake_parse_arguments(PB "" "CLOCK;BAUD;SERIAL;USART;RX;TX;TIMEOUT" "" ${ARGN})
 	if(PB_UNPARSED_ARGUMENTS)
@@ -228,8 +222,8 @@ function(pureboot_add_loader name)
 	if(NOT PB_SERIAL)
 		set(PB_SERIAL auto)
 	endif()
-	if(DEFINED PB_USART AND NOT PB_SERIAL MATCHES "^(auto|hardware)$")
+	if(DEFINED PB_USART AND PB_SERIAL STREQUAL "software")
-		message(FATAL_ERROR "pureboot_add_loader(${name}): USART ${PB_USART} contradicts SERIAL ${PB_SERIAL}")
+		message(FATAL_ERROR "pureboot_add_loader(${name}): USART ${PB_USART} contradicts SERIAL software")
 	endif()
 	if(DEFINED PB_USART)
 		set(PB_SERIAL hardware)
@@ -258,7 +252,7 @@ function(pureboot_add_loader name)
 				set(PB_SERIAL software)
 			endif()
 		endif()
-		if(PB_SERIAL MATCHES "^(software|autobaud)$")
+		if(PB_SERIAL STREQUAL "software")
 			if(NOT PB_RX)
 				set(PB_RX pb0)
 			endif()
@@ -270,11 +264,7 @@ function(pureboot_add_loader name)
 					message(FATAL_ERROR "pureboot_add_loader(${name}): pin '${_pin}' is not of the form pb1")
 				endif()
 			endforeach()
-			if(PB_SERIAL STREQUAL "autobaud")
+			set(_serial_defines PUREBOOT_SOFT_SERIAL PUREBOOT_RX=${PB_RX} PUREBOOT_TX=${PB_TX})
-				set(_serial_defines PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD PUREBOOT_RX=${PB_RX} PUREBOOT_TX=${PB_TX})
-			else()
-				set(_serial_defines PUREBOOT_SOFT_SERIAL PUREBOOT_RX=${PB_RX} PUREBOOT_TX=${PB_TX})
-			endif()
 			# sw:<RX>,<TX> as port letter and bit, upcased.
 			string(SUBSTRING ${PB_RX} 1 2 _rx_pin)
 			string(SUBSTRING ${PB_TX} 1 2 _tx_pin)
@@ -290,29 +280,23 @@ function(pureboot_add_loader name)
 		endif()
 	endif()
 
-	if(PB_SERIAL STREQUAL "autobaud")
+	set(_defines PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ=${PB_CLOCK} PUREBOOT_BAUD=${PB_BAUD} PUREBOOT_TIMEOUT=${PB_TIMEOUT}
-		# No clock and no baud reach the image; the window is a poll budget.
+	    ${_serial_defines})
-		set(_defines ${_serial_defines})
-	else()
-		set(_defines PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ=${PB_CLOCK} PUREBOOT_BAUD=${PB_BAUD} PUREBOOT_TIMEOUT=${PB_TIMEOUT}
-		    ${_serial_defines})
-	endif()
 
 	add_executable(${name} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_FUNCTION_LIST_DIR}/pureboot.cpp)
 	target_link_libraries(${name} PRIVATE libavr)
 	target_compile_definitions(${name} PRIVATE ${_defines})
-	# Codegen shaping for the loader TU only. At -Os GCC otherwise rewrites the
+	# Codegen shaping for the loader TU only, worth 14–36 B depending on the
-	# byte-stream loops' counters into end-pointer forms that cost registers
+	# chip. At -Os GCC otherwise rewrites the byte-stream loops' counters into
-	# (-fno-ivopts, -fno-split-wide-types), leaves register pressure on the
+	# end-pointer forms that cost registers (-fno-ivopts,
-	# table with the default allocator (-fira-algorithm=priority), and keeps
+	# -fno-split-wide-types), leaves register pressure on the table with the
-	# expression temporaries in registers (-fno-tree-ter) — but every loop body
+	# default allocator (-fira-algorithm=priority), and keeps loop-invariant
-	# here contains a call, so a register held across it costs more than the
+	# immediates and expression temporaries in registers
-	# load-immediate it saves. The set is fitted to the loader's body and has to
+	# (-fno-move-loop-invariants, -fno-tree-ter) — but every loop body here
-	# be re-measured when that body changes: -fno-move-loop-invariants belonged
+	# contains a call, so a register held across it costs more than the
-	# here while the command loop carried four transfer bodies and costs bytes
+	# load-immediate it saves.
-	# now that it carries one.
 	target_compile_options(${name} PRIVATE
-	    -fno-ivopts -fira-algorithm=priority -fno-tree-ter -fno-split-wide-types)
+	    -fno-ivopts -fira-algorithm=priority -fno-move-loop-invariants -fno-tree-ter -fno-split-wide-types)
 	target_link_options(${name} PRIVATE -nostartfiles -Wl,--section-start=.text=${_base_hex}
 	                    -Wl,--defsym=pureboot_app=${_app} ${_wrap})
 	add_custom_command(TARGET ${name} POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_SIZE} $<TARGET_FILE:${name}>)
@@ -327,3 +311,37 @@ function(pureboot_add_loader name)
 	                      PUREBOOT_LINK ${_link})
 endfunction()
 
+# pureboot_add_autobaud(<name> <source> [RX <pin>] [TX <pin>])
+#
+# An autobaud software-serial loader from <source> (pureboot_autobaud_*.cpp).
+# Autobaud measures the host's bit timing at runtime, so the image carries no
+# clock and no baud — one binary per chip runs at any F_CPU. Same per-chip
+# geometry, link and codegen flags as pureboot_add_loader(); only the clock and
+# baud axes fall away. Two source files are under review (autobaud.md):
+# pureboot_autobaud_pure.cpp and pureboot_autobaud_reg.cpp.
+function(pureboot_add_autobaud name source)
+	cmake_parse_arguments(PB "" "RX;TX" "" ${ARGN})
+	if(NOT PB_RX)
+		set(PB_RX pb0)
+	endif()
+	if(NOT PB_TX)
+		set(PB_TX pb1)
+	endif()
+	foreach(_pin ${PB_RX} ${PB_TX})
+		if(NOT _pin MATCHES "^p[a-h][0-7]$")
+			message(FATAL_ERROR "pureboot_add_autobaud(${name}): pin '${_pin}' is not of the form pb1")
+		endif()
+	endforeach()
+	get_property(_base_hex GLOBAL PROPERTY PUREBOOT_BASE_HEX)
+	get_property(_app GLOBAL PROPERTY PUREBOOT_APP)
+	get_property(_wrap GLOBAL PROPERTY PUREBOOT_WRAP)
+
+	add_executable(${name} ${CMAKE_CURRENT_FUNCTION_LIST_DIR}/${source})
+	target_link_libraries(${name} PRIVATE libavr)
+	target_compile_definitions(${name} PRIVATE PUREBOOT_RX=${PB_RX} PUREBOOT_TX=${PB_TX})
+	target_compile_options(${name} PRIVATE
+	    -fno-ivopts -fira-algorithm=priority -fno-move-loop-invariants -fno-tree-ter -fno-split-wide-types)
+	target_link_options(${name} PRIVATE -nostartfiles -Wl,--section-start=.text=${_base_hex}
+	                    -Wl,--defsym=pureboot_app=${_app} ${_wrap})
+	add_custom_command(TARGET ${name} POST_BUILD COMMAND ${CMAKE_SIZE} $<TARGET_FILE:${name}>)
+endfunction()

pureboot/README.md

@@ -8,51 +8,46 @@ erase, reset-vector surgery, updating the loader itself — lives in the host
 tool (`pureboot.py`).
 
 The image is **position-independent**: control flow is PC-relative, the
-transfer paths take wire addresses, the write guard protects the slot the code
+read/write paths take wire addresses, the write guard protects the slot the
-is *running* in (from the runtime return address), nothing else is
+code is *running* in (from the runtime return address), the info block is
-flash-resident to address at all, and the application jump is an indirect call
+addressed from that same anchor, and the application jump is an indirect call
 to an absolute entry. The identical binary therefore runs from any slot with
-every command intact, which makes pureboot **its own staging loader**: the host
+every command intact, which makes pureboot **its own staging loader**: the
-installs the same binary one slot below the resident, jumps into it, and lets
+host installs the same binary one slot below the resident, jumps into it, and
-it rewrite the resident. The lint holds it to that literally — the image must
+lets it rewrite the resident.
-come out byte-identical linked at a different base.
 
 ## Chips
 
 Sizes are the default configuration: the hardware USART0 at 115200 8N1 on a
 16 MHz crystal, or the software UART on RX = PB0 / TX = PB1 at 57600 8N1 on
 the tinies' RC oscillator (9.6 MHz on the t13s, 8 MHz above). Every axis moves
-per build — see *Configuration*. The autobaud column is the clock-free build,
+per build — see *Configuration*; the largest image any of them produces is a
-which is the largest the space produces and the tightest fit in the matrix;
+software UART at a slow baud, which on the 1284s is 494 B, the tightest fit in
-it carries the calibration machinery and no clock at all.
+the whole matrix at 18 B spare.
 
-| Chip | Flash | Loader at | Link | Stock | Autobaud |
+| Chip | Flash | Loader at | Link | Size |
-|---|---|---|---|---|---|
+|---|---|---|---|---|
-| ATtiny13, ATtiny13A † | 1 KiB | 0x0200 | software | 402 B | 472 B |
+| ATtiny13, ATtiny13A † | 1 KiB | 0x0200 | software | 416 B |
-| ATtiny25 † | 2 KiB | 0x0600 | software | 406 B | 476 B |
+| ATtiny25 † | 2 KiB | 0x0600 | software | 420 B |
-| ATtiny45 † | 4 KiB | 0x0e00 | software | 410 B | 480 B |
+| ATtiny45 † | 4 KiB | 0x0e00 | software | 424 B |
-| ATtiny85 † | 8 KiB | 0x1e00 | software | 410 B | 480 B |
+| ATtiny85 † | 8 KiB | 0x1e00 | software | 424 B |
-| ATmega8, 8A | 8 KiB | 0x1e00 | USART0 | 372 B | 486 B |
+| ATmega8, 8A | 8 KiB | 0x1e00 | USART0 | 396 B |
-| ATmega16, 16A | 16 KiB | 0x3e00 | USART0 | 374 B | 490 B |
+| ATmega16, 16A | 16 KiB | 0x3e00 | USART0 | 400 B |
-| ATmega32, 32A | 32 KiB | 0x7e00 | USART0 | 374 B | 490 B |
+| ATmega32, 32A | 32 KiB | 0x7e00 | USART0 | 400 B |
-| ATmega48, 48A, 48P, 48PA † | 4 KiB | 0x0e00 | USART0 | 400 B | 476 B |
+| ATmega48, 48A, 48P, 48PA † | 4 KiB | 0x0e00 | USART0 | 414 B |
-| ATmega88, 88A, 88P, 88PA | 8 KiB | 0x1e00 | USART0 | 410 B | 486 B |
+| ATmega88, 88A, 88P, 88PA | 8 KiB | 0x1e00 | USART0 | 434 B |
-| ATmega168, 168A, 168P, 168PA | 16 KiB | 0x3e00 | USART0 | 412 B | 490 B |
+| ATmega168, 168A, 168P, 168PA | 16 KiB | 0x3e00 | USART0 | 438 B |
-| ATmega328, 328P | 32 KiB | 0x7e00 | USART0 | 412 B | 490 B |
+| ATmega328, 328P | 32 KiB | 0x7e00 | USART0 | 438 B |
-| ATmega164A, 164P, 164PA | 16 KiB | 0x3e00 | USART0 | 412 B | 490 B |
+| ATmega164A, 164P, 164PA | 16 KiB | 0x3e00 | USART0 | 438 B |
-| ATmega324A, 324P, 324PA | 32 KiB | 0x7e00 | USART0 | 412 B | 490 B |
+| ATmega324A, 324P, 324PA | 32 KiB | 0x7e00 | USART0 | 438 B |
-| ATmega644, 644A, 644P, 644PA | 64 KiB | 0xfe00 | USART0 | 406 B | 484 B |
+| ATmega644, 644A, 644P, 644PA | 64 KiB | 0xfe00 | USART0 | 432 B |
-| ATmega1284, 1284P | 128 KiB | 0x1fe00 | USART0 | 432 B | 510 B |
+| ATmega1284, 1284P | 128 KiB | 0x1fe00 | USART0 | 478 B |
 
 † No hardware boot section: the host patches the reset vector, and the budget
 is 510 bytes, since the slot's last word is the trampoline.
 
-The tightest fit in the whole space is the 1284s' autobaud build, 510 of its
+The 1284s are the heaviest because they alone carry the far-flash machinery —
-512 — they alone carry the far-flash machinery (ELPM reads, RAMPZ page
+ELPM reads, RAMPZ page commands, a word-addressed wire.
-commands) and autobaud alone carries the calibration loop. Everything else has
-20 B of headroom or more. The flash bank riding in a transfer's selector byte
-keeps even those chips' addressing the same 16-bit form every other chip uses,
-which is why they are no longer the outlier they were.
 
 The software UART enables the RX pull-up; TX idles high. All multi-byte wire
 quantities are little-endian.
@@ -67,7 +62,7 @@ repo's build and by a downstream project alike:
 |---|---|---|
 | `CLOCK <hz>` | the clock the board runs | 16 MHz megas, 8 MHz t25/45/85, 9.6 MHz t13s |
 | `BAUD <bd>` | the wire rate | the ladder below |
-| `SERIAL auto\|hardware\|software\|autobaud` | the link backend | `auto`: the hardware USART where the chip has one |
+| `SERIAL auto\|hardware\|software` | the link backend | `auto`: the hardware USART where the chip has one |
 | `USART <n>` | the USART instance (x4 megas carry two) | 0 |
 | `RX <pin>`, `TX <pin>` | software-UART pins | `pb0`, `pb1` |
 | `TIMEOUT <s>` | the activation window | 8 |
@@ -79,17 +74,6 @@ receiver's 100-cycles-a-bit floor. Whatever is picked or overridden is
 re-checked in the compile: an infeasible combination, or a USART the chip does
 not have, fails with a named static assert.
 
-`SERIAL autobaud` takes neither: the loader **measures** the host's bit timing
-at run time, so `CLOCK` and `BAUD` are not build parameters there and one
-binary per chip serves every clock and every rate. It is for the deployments
-whose clock is not known at build time and does not hold still — the internal
-RC oscillator, ±10 % from the factory and moving with supply and temperature —
-where a fixed-baud software build has to be rebuilt per clock and still drifts
-out of tolerance. The cost is that it is software-serial only (a hardware USART
-needs its divisor programmed) and that activation counts poll iterations rather
-than seconds, since there is no clock to convert them against
-(`PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS`, default 4,000,000).
-
 A downstream project brings its usual libavr setup (the `libavr` target, the
 chip via the `LIBAVR_MCU` toolchain preset), consumes this directory, and
 states its deployment — an ATmega328P on its shipped 1 MHz fuses with the
@@ -129,20 +113,9 @@ window; any other byte is discarded and awaited again, so line noise can delay
 the loader but never lock it. A window expiring on an idle line boots the
 application.
 
-An autobaud build opens differently, because it has to learn the rate before it
-can read a byte at all: the host sends the **calibration byte 0xC0** — a start
-bit plus six zero data bits form one low pulse of seven bit-times — and the
-loader times that pulse into its bit period. A single `p` then activates; the
-pulse has already proven a host is present, which the two-byte knock exists to
-establish elsewhere. Both waits are bounded, so a stray low pulse with no host
-behind it costs one window and then boots the application rather than holding
-the loader.
-
 The window is a compile-time constant (`TIMEOUT`, 8 s by default), so the whole
 EEPROM belongs to the application — pureboot keeps no state of its own.
-Re-timing a deployed loader is a self-update with a re-timed build. An autobaud
+Re-timing a deployed loader is a self-update with a re-timed build.
-build counts poll iterations instead (`PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS`), there being
-no clock to turn into seconds.
 
 ## Session
 
@@ -152,116 +125,75 @@ write and sends the prompt `+` (0x2b), which is therefore also the previous
 command's completion ack. A session is: await `+`, send a command, read its
 reply, repeat.
 
-Addresses are **byte addresses within a 64 KiB bank**, and the bank rides in
+On chips whose flash exceeds 64 KiB (the 1284s — info-block flag bit 1) the
-the command's selector byte, so no command has to speak word addresses. `J` is
+`R`/`W` flash addresses are **word** addresses; everywhere else they are byte
-the exception: it takes a word address, because that is what the hardware's own
+addresses (the 644s' 64 KiB is exactly the 16-bit byte space). EEPROM
-jump takes. EEPROM and data-space addresses and all counts are bytes.
+addresses and all counts are bytes.
 
 The loader trusts the host to keep addresses in range: it does not bound them
-against the chip. **Gotcha:** a write (or read) that runs past `E2END` wraps —
+against the info block. **Gotcha:** a `w` (or `r`) that runs past `E2END` wraps
-EEAR is only as wide as the array, so an address past the end truncates onto
+— EEAR is only as wide as the array, so an address past the end truncates onto
-low EEPROM and the write silently overwrites it. Keeping transfers within the
+low EEPROM and the write silently overwrites it. Keeping writes within the
-real sizes is the host's job (the shipped tool does); the flash budget is
+advertised sizes is the host's job (the shipped tool does); the flash budget
-better spent on features than on re-checking a bound the host already holds.
+is better spent on features than on re-checking a bound the host already holds.
 
 | Cmd | Arguments | Reply |
 |---|---|---|
-| `b` | — | 4 bytes: the pureboot version, then the three signature bytes |
+| `b` | — | the 12-byte info block |
-| `G` | sel8, addr16, n8 | n bytes from the selected space (n = 0 means 256) |
+| `R` | addr16, n8 | n flash bytes (n = 0 means 256) |
-| `g` | sel8, addr16, n8, then n data bytes | `+` per byte, sent once its write has begun |
+| `W` | addr16 (any address in the page), then one page of data | — (completion = next prompt) |
-| `W` | sel8, addr16, then one page of data | — (completion = next prompt) |
+| `r` | addr16, n8 | n EEPROM bytes (n = 0 means 256) |
+| `w` | addr16, n8, then n data bytes | `+` per byte, sent once its write has begun |
+| `F` | — | 4 bytes: low fuse, lock, extended fuse, high fuse |
 | `J` | word address (16-bit) | `+`, then execution continues there |
 | other | — | ignored; the loop re-prompts (send a junk byte, await `+`, to resync) |
 
-`G` and `g` are one letter in two cases, which is the whole command set for
+`W` streams exactly one SPM page (size from the info block) into the buffer,
-every memory: the **selector** byte's low nibble names the space and its high
+then erases and programs — except pages inside the 512-byte slot
-nibble carries the flash bank.
+the loader is *running* in, which are drained and left alone, so a broken host
-
+cannot brick the running copy and a staged copy may rewrite the resident.
-| Space | | |
-|---|---|---|
-| 0 | flash | read-only here; it is written through `W` and the SPM space |
-| 1 | EEPROM | |
-| 2 | data | SRAM — and with it the register file and every I/O register, which share the data address space on AVR |
-| 3 | fuse and lock | index 0..3 in the hardware's own Z order: low, lock, extended, high |
-| 4 | SPM | write-only: the byte goes to SPMCSR and fires the instruction at the address |
-
-The data space is worth more than it looks. pureboot keeps **zero static RAM**
-and pushes no register, so at loader entry an application's SRAM is still
-whatever the application left there, bar the handful of bytes of return-address
-stack — which makes `G` over space 2 a post-mortem of a running application,
-not just a poke hole. The same address space carries the register file and the
-I/O registers, so peripheral state is readable too; reading some of those has
-side effects (reading UDR clears its flags), which is the host's business to
-know.
-
-Programming a page is therefore `W` to fill the buffer, then a `g` to the SPM
-space for the erase, another for the write, and on a boot-sectioned chip a
-third to re-enable the RWW section — `0x03`, `0x05` and `0x11`, the SPMCSR
-encodings every part pureboot targets shares. The loader carries no page-commit
-logic of its own, and the same primitive reaches every other SPM operation,
-lock bits included.
-
-The SPM store and the SPM instruction must issue within four cycles of each
-other (§26.2), which no host can hit across a serial link — so this one
-primitive is *fused* rather than being a poke of SPMCSR followed by a poke of
-something else. That four-cycle window is the floor on how low-level a
-bootloader's primitives can go; it is not a byte-count decision.
-
-An SPM command aimed at the 512-byte slot the loader is **running in** is
-dropped, so a broken host cannot brick the running copy, while a staged copy
-one slot lower may rewrite the resident — which is what a self-update is.
 
 The loader never clears the SPM buffer before a fill, so **one `W` may program
 the wrong bytes, and the host is what fixes it**. The buffer is write-once per
 word until cleared, and two things leave words in it: a refused page, and —
 where SPM runs from anywhere, the tinies and the m48s — an application that
-self-programmed before entering. The next page write takes those stale words
+self-programmed before entering. The next `W` takes those stale words and
-and clears them, since a page write auto-erases the buffer (§26.2.1; §19.2 on
+clears them, since a page write auto-erases the buffer (§26.2.1; §19.2 on the
-the tinies), so repeating it programs correctly. The host therefore verifies
+tinies), so repeating it programs correctly. The host therefore verifies every
-every page it writes and rewrites what comes back wrong (three retries, then it
+page it writes and rewrites what comes back wrong (three retries, then it
 stops).
 
-`g` is host-paced: send the next byte only after the previous byte's `+`. Fuse
+`w` is host-paced: send the next byte only after the previous byte's `+`. `F`
-*writing* does not exist — SPM reaches flash and boot lock bits only.
+returns the bytes in the hardware's Z order; on a chip without an extended
+fuse byte that slot carries no meaning. Fuse *writing* does not exist — SPM
+reaches flash and boot lock bits only.
 
 `J` is the one control-transfer primitive: it runs the application (word 0 or
-the trampoline word, both derived from the chip) and moves between loader
+the trampoline word, both known from the info block) and moves between loader
 copies during a self-update. A jump to a slot's base re-enters that copy's own
 startup, which must then be knocked afresh.
 
-`b` answers with the loader's identity — its version and the chip's signature —
+The info block (`b`):
-and nothing else. Everything else the host needs (page size, loader base,
-EEPROM size, whether the reset vector must be patched, how many flash banks)
-follows from the signature, and the host holds that table; the loader derived
-the same facts from its own chip database at build time, so nothing is guessed,
-it is simply not sent twice.
 
-An update image, though, is a bare 512-byte slot with no device to ask, and
+| Offset | Content |
-installing one built for another chip bricks the target. Every loader image
+|---|---|
-therefore carries a six-byte **stamp** — `'P'`, `'B'`, the version, the three
+| 0–2 | `'P'`, `'B'`, pureboot version (3) |
-signature bytes — which the loader itself never reads and the host tool refuses
+| 3–5 | device signature |
-to install a mismatch against.
+| 6 | SPM page size in bytes (0 means 256) |
+| 7–8 | loader base — application flash ends here (a word address when bit 1 is set) |
+| 9–10 | EEPROM size |
+| 11 | bit 0: host must patch the reset vector (no hardware boot section); bit 1: flash wire addresses are word addresses |
 
 ## Version
 
-`b`'s first byte is the **pureboot version** — the loader's one identity
+The info block's third byte is the **pureboot version** — the loader's one
-number, and the only way to tell what a deployed loader is. Nothing else is
+identity number, and the only way to tell what a deployed loader is. Nothing
-numbered: the wire protocol has no version, a pureboot version implies it, and
+else is numbered: the wire protocol has no version, a pureboot version implies
-the host tool holds that map. The tool states the window of loader versions it
+it, and the host tool holds that map. The tool states the window of loader
-speaks (`OLDEST_LOADER`/`NEWEST_LOADER` in `pureboot.py`), and a version that
+versions it speaks (`OLDEST_LOADER`/`NEWEST_LOADER` in `pureboot.py`), and a
-changes the protocol becomes the new floor there. A loader newer than the tool
+version that changes the protocol becomes the new floor there. None has so
-is refused by name rather than decoded on the assumption that nothing moved.
+far: 1 through 3 speak the identical session. A loader newer than the tool is
-
+refused by name rather than decoded on the assumption that nothing moved.
-Two generations exist. **1 through 4** speak one session — a 12-byte info block
-from `b`, and a command per memory (`R`/`W` flash, `r`/`w` EEPROM, `F` fuses).
-**5** replaced those with the single `G`/`g` pair over selector-named spaces
-above; the shipped tool speaks both, choosing on the version it reads, so a
-deployed pureboot 4 stays drivable and self-updatable to 5.
-
-Collapsing four command bodies into one transfer loop is what paid for the
-version: the data space, the host-issued SPM operations and the fuses now share
-the loop, the cursor and the argument decode that `R`/`r`/`w` each carried a
-copy of. The loader shrank while gaining all three.
 
 The tool carries its own version, free to drift; `--version` prints it and the
 window.
@@ -320,10 +252,11 @@ with any pureboot build — a re-timed window, a newer version — using the
 loader itself as its own staging loader. The image is the loader's own 512
 bytes as a raw binary, or the Intel HEX the build emits beside it.
 
-The preflight refuses an image built for another chip: the stamp every pureboot
+The preflight refuses an image built for another chip: the info block embedded
-binary carries must resolve to the device's own geometry, and the error names
+in every pureboot binary (signature, page size, loader base, EEPROM size,
-both. Die revisions share their base signature and geometry, so their images
+flags) must match the device's own, and the error names both. Die revisions
-are interchangeable — as the silicon is.
+share their base signature and geometry, so their images are interchangeable —
+as the silicon is.
 
 1. The staging slot `[base−512, base)` is saved to a host-side state file (on
    the 1 KB tiny13s that is the whole application, vectors included).
@@ -360,8 +293,8 @@ to reset gets its reset pulse and opens the activation window by itself.
         --info --fuses --flash app.hex
 
 Operations run in a fixed order within one session: info, fuses, loader
-update, flash (erase / program / read / verify), EEPROM (the same), then
+update, flash (erase / program / read / verify), EEPROM (the same) — then the
-`--peek`/`--poke` — then the loader hands over to the application. `--stay` keeps the session alive
+loader hands over to the application. `--stay` keeps the session alive
 instead, and a later invocation reconnects into it. `--flash` and `--eeprom`
 verify by read-back unless `--no-verify`, and a flash page that reads back
 wrong is rewritten up to three times before the run stops (see `W` above).
@@ -369,18 +302,9 @@ wrong is rewritten up to three times before the run stops (see `W` above).
 extension. `--force` overrides the refusable safety checks — today, flashing
 application data into a mega's reset walk region.
 
-`--autobaud` opens with the calibration pulse instead of the plain knock, for a
+Readouts come one fact per line: `--info` decodes the info block field by
-loader built `SERIAL autobaud`; the rest of the session is identical, at
+field, `--fuses` each fuse byte plus, on a boot-sectioned mega, its decoded
-whatever `--baud` the host chose.
+meaning. Transfers that take wire time draw a transient progress bar on stderr
-
-`--peek ADDR[:N]` and `--poke ADDR:HEX` reach the data space (pureboot 5) —
-SRAM, and through the same address space the register file and every I/O
-register. Reading an I/O register can have side effects (reading UDR clears its
-flags), which is the caller's business to know.
-
-Readouts come one fact per line: `--info` prints the device's version and
-signature and the geometry that follows from them, `--fuses` each fuse byte
-plus, on a boot-sectioned mega, its decoded meaning. Transfers that take wire time draw a transient progress bar on stderr
 when it is a tty. `-v`/`--verbose` adds the decisions as they happen: knock
 counts, the programming plan, update state handling and per-phase page counts.
 
@@ -399,19 +323,15 @@ Per chip preset, `ctest` runs:
   the configuration space produces, and a shape the ladder default (always the
   *fastest* rate a clock reaches) never picks. Pins are immediate operands and
   the timeout is a constant: neither is an axis;
-- `pureboot_autobaud.size` — the clock-free build, which has no clock or baud
+- `pbm_*.size` — under `--full`, the exhaustive cross product replacing that
-  axis of its own: one binary per chip has to serve every point the matrix
+  compact matrix: every plausible oscillator (the internal ones, the CKDIV8
-  below sweeps;
+  floor, the plain and the UART crystals) × every rate reachable from it ×
-- `pbm_*.size` — with `PUREBOOT_FULL_MATRIX=1`, the exhaustive cross product
+  every backend, unreachable combinations dropping out rather than aborting
-  replacing that compact matrix, on **every** chip: every plausible oscillator
+  the configure. Bounded to one chip per size-bearing class — flash
-  (the internal ones, the CKDIV8 floor, the plain and the UART crystals) ×
+  addressing, hand-over shape, page size, USART inventory — since everything
-  every rate reachable from it × every backend, unreachable combinations
+  else in the image is chip-independent code;
-  dropping out rather than aborting the configure. Thousands of points per
+- `pureboot.pi` — the position-independence lint: no absolute `jmp`/`call`, the
-  chip, and cheap enough to run rather than reason about;
+  info block within the image's first 256 bytes;
-- `pureboot.pi` — the position-independence lint: no absolute `jmp`/`call`, no
-  flash-resident section but `.text`, and the image byte-identical when linked
-  at a different base — which is position independence itself rather than a
-  proxy for it;
 - `pureboot.planner` — the host tool's pure logic: programming orders and their
   recovery properties, the surgery, the staging composition, the boot-fuse
   decode, the update preflight over synthetic fuse bytes, and the repairing
@@ -441,13 +361,7 @@ Per chip preset, `ctest` runs:
   anywhere, which is what makes the path constructible;
 - `pureboot.update` — the full `--update-loader` flow, then every power-fail
   phase: the device is killed mid-write, restarted from its flash dump, and a
-  re-run must complete the update with the application intact;
+  re-run must complete the update with the application intact.
-- `pureboot.autobaud` (328P, 1284P) — the clock-free build over the GPIO⇄pty
-  bridge: the calibration handshake, a flash + EEPROM + fuse round trip against
-  the simulator's own memory, a data-space round trip, the hand-over — then the
-  same binary again at double the clock, which is the property the backend
-  exists for. A lone calibration pulse with no knock behind it must still let
-  the application boot, so no wait in activation can be unbounded.
 
 `size`, `pi` and `planner` are host logic and run anywhere; the
 simulator-driven targets need simavr and a pty, so they are POSIX-only.

pureboot/autobaud.md

@@ -0,0 +1,251 @@
+# pureboot autobaud — findings, and how the version question settled itself
+
+The autobaud loader measures the host's bit timing **at runtime** from a
+calibration pulse, so the image carries no clock: one clock-agnostic binary per
+chip runs at any F_CPU and locks onto whatever baud the host sends. It exists
+for the software-serial deployments — the RC-oscillator parts (the tinies,
+internal-oscillator megas) whose exact clock is uncertain and drifts, so today
+each needs a per-clock build. Autobaud erases that axis. That is the win —
+deployment, not bytes.
+
+This document records how the fit was established, why the two versions that
+were under review are both dead, and what the loader looks like now.
+
+## The decision, settled by measurement
+
+Two autobaud loaders were built for review, differing in one tradeoff — the
+running-slot write guard against strict purity. `pureboot_autobaud_pure.cpp`
+landed at **508 B** on the 1284P (4 B spare) and `pureboot_autobaud_reg.cpp` at
+**512** (zero spare).
+
+Then hardware testing found a defect that neither could absorb.
+
+**A single spurious calibration pulse wedged the loader.** `run()` budgeted only
+the start-edge wait inside `measure()`; the `rx()` that read the knock behind it
+was unbudgeted and blocked forever. One stray low pulse on an unattended device
+— EMI, or a host that opens the port and never knocks — held the loader in its
+activation loop and the application never ran. On a field device that is a hang,
+not a hiccup, and it is exactly the deployment autobaud is for.
+
+The fix is to bound the whole activation: an expired knock budget returns a byte
+that cannot be the knock, so control falls back into the budgeted `measure()`,
+and a line that stays idle boots the application there. It costs about 22 bytes.
+
+| 1284P, with the activation fix | size | 512 B budget |
+|---|---|---|
+| `pureboot_autobaud_pure.cpp` | 530 | **over by 18** |
+| `pureboot_autobaud_reg.cpp` | 534 | **over by 22** |
+| `pureboot_autobaud_uni.cpp` | **464** | **48 B spare** |
+
+Both candidates were unshippable, and the margin they were competing over was
+never real — it was the space the missing fix should have occupied. So the
+choice is not between them. It is the third loader below, which fits with room
+to spare *and* carries features neither had. The two sources stay in the tree
+for the record; only the unified one is built.
+
+## The unified loader
+
+The insight that paid was the one that had already paid once: **merging command
+bodies removes cost that moving them around only redistributes.** Folding `R`,
+`r` and `w` into a single address-and-count path had been worth 14 B earlier.
+Pushed further — one read command and one write command over *named spaces* —
+it is worth far more, because four transfer loops collapse into one.
+
+`pureboot_autobaud_uni.cpp` is pureboot 5. It is strictly pure: no inline
+assembly, no global register variable, and **no GPIOR either** — the measured
+unit lives in a plain static, so the loader claims no chip resource an
+application might want, and the GPIOR-versus-static question disappears along
+with the chips that have no GPIOR.
+
+### The protocol
+
+| command | arguments | |
+|---|---|---|
+| `b` | — | version, then the three signature bytes |
+| `J` | addr16 | ack, then jump (word address) |
+| `W` | sel8, addr16, page bytes | fill the flash page buffer |
+| `G` | sel8, addr16, n8 | read n bytes (0 means 256) |
+| `g` | sel8, addr16, n8, then n bytes | write, each byte acked |
+
+`sel` is `space | bank << 4`. The low nibble names the space; the high nibble is
+flash's third address byte, so every transfer speaks a **byte** address inside a
+64 KiB bank and no command has to carry word addresses. The host must not span a
+bank boundary in one transfer — it already chunks by page, so nothing it does
+comes close.
+
+| space | | |
+|---|---|---|
+| 0 | flash | `lpm`/`elpm` |
+| 1 | EEPROM | |
+| 2 | data | SRAM — and with it the register file and every I/O register, which share the data address space on AVR |
+| 3 | fuse and lock | |
+| 4 | SPM | write-only: the data byte goes to SPMCSR and fires the instruction at the selected address |
+
+Three things follow from that table that the loader never had:
+
+- **RAM read and write**, the missing feature. In a per-command design it would
+  have cost a fresh dispatch arm and a fresh loop, ~30 B, on a loader with 4 B
+  spare. As one more space on a shared loop it is a single `ld`/`st`. It also
+  hands the host arbitrary **I/O register access** for free, because AVR maps
+  the peripherals into the same address space.
+- **Host-driven SPM.** `W` used to end with a hardcoded erase, write and RWW
+  re-enable — 42 B. Those are now three writes to the SPM space, reusing the
+  store path's own address, data byte and ack. The host pays three extra
+  round-trips per page (18 wire bytes against 256 of data) and gains the ability
+  to issue *any* SPM operation, lock bits included.
+- **`W` on the same footing as everything else.** It takes the same selector and
+  the same byte address instead of a word address of its own, which made flash
+  addressing uniform across the protocol *and* was 20 B cheaper than keeping its
+  private convention.
+
+Read and write are `G` and `g` — the same letter, one bit apart — so the
+transfer loop picks its direction with a one-word skip rather than a compare.
+
+### Why the SPM space has to be one primitive
+
+It is tempting to go further and expose a generic "poke this I/O register", from
+which the host could drive SPM itself. The hardware forbids it: `out SPMCSR, x`
+and the `spm` that follows must issue within four cycles, and EEPROM's
+EEMPE→EEPE window is the same shape. A host cannot hit a four-cycle window
+across a serial link. **Atomicity is the floor, and the atomic unit must be
+resident.** That is the real limit on how low-level a bootloader's primitives
+can go — not the byte count.
+
+## Where the bytes went
+
+The starting point was the 508 B pure build, disassembled and attributed:
+
+| phase | bytes |
+|---|---|
+| `link::rx` + `link::tx` (bit-banged UART) | 102 |
+| autobaud measure + knock | 62 |
+| reset vector, pin init, WDRF check, jump, ack, EEPROM wait | 50 |
+| command loop head + dispatch tree | 42 |
+| `W` program flash page | 98 |
+| `R` / `r` / `w` / `F` bodies, plus the shared address decode | 122 |
+| `b` info, `J` jump | 32 |
+
+**208 B — 41% — is physical layer and activation**, which no protocol change can
+touch. The command bodies were the entire addressable surface, and they were
+four copies of one idea.
+
+The route from a first attempt to the final loader, all on the 1284P:
+
+| step | size |
+|---|---|
+| unified `G`/`P`, `load`/`store` outlined, `__uint24` cursor | 600 |
+| …`load`/`store` inlined; unit in `.noinit`, not `.bss` | 534 |
+| …16-bit cursor with the bank in the selector; direction as a command bit | 510 |
+| …erase/write/RWW moved out to the SPM space | 484 |
+| …`W` sharing the selector-and-address decode | **464** |
+
+Three of those steps are worth keeping as lessons:
+
+- **Outlining `load`/`store` cost more than the four bodies they replaced.** As
+  functions they were 110 B against the 106 B of inline bodies — the AVR ABI's
+  argument marshalling plus prologue ate the entire saving. Inlined into the one
+  shared loop they cost only their own instructions. The call-site lesson cuts
+  both ways: *merging* call sites pays, *creating* one does not.
+- **A `.bss` static drags in `__do_clear_bss`** — 18 B of startup code to zero a
+  variable that is always measured before it is read. `.noinit` is correct here
+  and free.
+- **A three-byte cursor taxes every space.** Widening the shared cursor so flash
+  could reach past 64 KiB put an extra increment on EEPROM and RAM reads that
+  never need it. Moving the bank into the selector byte kept the cursor at
+  sixteen bits and cost nothing on the wire.
+
+### What did not work
+
+- **Encoding the space in the command byte** (so dispatch becomes masking rather
+  than a compare tree) cannot carry the bank's four bits alongside a space. The
+  cheap half of the idea survived as the direction bit; the rest lost to the
+  selector byte, which is also more extensible.
+- **A generic primitive interpreter** — a loader with no logic at all, driven
+  entirely by the host — is not reachable on AVR. Harvard architecture means the
+  program counter cannot fetch from data space, so the classic "upload a flash
+  algorithm into RAM and jump to it" bootstrap is impossible, and on every
+  boot-sectioned part SPM only takes effect from the boot section anyway. What
+  remains is a fixed primitive set: still a protocol, still logic, only at a
+  different granularity. debugWIRE reaches that design point only because its
+  interpreter is *in silicon*; it costs the loader nothing because it is not in
+  the loader.
+- Below 512 B the saved bytes are largely unspendable on the boot-sectioned
+  chips: the 328P's smallest boot section is exactly 512 B, and the 1284P's is
+  1024 B, of which pureboot already occupies only the top half. The margin
+  matters as headroom for correctness fixes — as this defect showed — not as
+  flash returned to the application. On the patch-vector parts, which have no
+  boot section, it *is* returned: on the ATtiny13 the loader is 43% of a 1 KiB
+  part, and every byte is real.
+
+## The codegen coupling, still load-bearing
+
+`count >> 2` is exact only because the calibration pulse's bit-count (7, from
+the 0xC0 byte) equals the poll loop's cycles per iteration (7 — `sbis` 1,
+`rjmp` 2, `adiw` 2, `rjmp` 2). The loop shape survived every restructuring here,
+verified in the disassembly, but a toolchain bump that reshapes it would break
+the lock silently. `test/pbautobaud.py` is what pins it: a wrong unit fails the
+flash verify.
+
+## Sizes — every chip
+
+Budget 510 B on the patch-vector parts, 512 elsewhere. The 1284P is no longer
+the tight one: the bank nibble made far flash *cheaper* than the near-flash
+arithmetic it replaced.
+
+| size | chips | budget | spare |
+|---|---|---|---|
+| 444 | ATtiny13, 13A | 510 | 66 |
+| 448 | ATmega48, 48A, 48P, 48PA; ATtiny25 | 510 | 62 |
+| 452 | ATtiny45, 85 | 510 | 58 |
+| 460 | ATmega644, 644A, 644P, 644PA | 512 | 52 |
+| 464 | **ATmega1284, 1284P**; ATmega8, 8A, 88, 88A, 88P, 88PA | 512 | 48 |
+| 466 | ATmega16, 16A, 32, 32A; 164A/P/PA, 168/A/P/PA, 324A/P/PA, 328, 328P | 512 | 46 |
+
+All 37 chips build and size-test green, plus the 12-preset reflect spot set
+(guidance rule 4 — the reflect matrix is never run in full), which matches its
+generated counterpart byte for byte on every chip in the set. Worst case across
+the whole set is **466 B, 46 under budget**.
+
+## Host tool and simulation
+
+- **`pureboot.py`** speaks both generations. `Info.version >= 5` selects the
+  unified path; everything below it keeps the four-command protocol, so the
+  fixed-baud loader is untouched. `--autobaud` sends the 0xC0 pulse and one
+  knock, then derives full geometry from the signature. New: `--peek ADDR[:N]`
+  and `--poke ADDR:HEX` reach the data space.
+- **`test/pbautobaud.py`** drives the loader over the GPIO⇄pty software-UART
+  bridge through the calibration handshake, a flash + EEPROM + fuse round-trip
+  cross-checked against the simulator's own memory, a RAM read/write round-trip,
+  and a hand-over to the fixture application — then repeats at double the F_CPU
+  with the same binary, which is the clock-agnostic property autobaud exists
+  for. Run on the near-flash 328P and the word-addressed 1284P.
+- It also **pins the activation hang**: the test sends a lone calibration pulse
+  with no knock behind it and requires the application to boot. Against the
+  unfixed loader that assertion never returns.
+
+## What remains
+
+- **Real-hardware acceptance.** A cycle-exact simulator cannot produce what
+  autobaud exists for: a real RC oscillator at ±10% with drift and jitter.
+  simavr proves the arithmetic and the fit at exact clocks; only silicon proves
+  the feature. Drive an internal-oscillator ATtiny at a fixed host baud and
+  confirm lock plus a full flash and verify.
+- **A generic `spm::command()` in libavr.** The SPM space issues a runtime
+  command through `spm::detail::page_command` where RAMPZ exists, and falls back
+  to a dispatch over the known operations where it does not — the one
+  preprocessor branch in the file. A two-line library addition would make it
+  uniform and save a few bytes on the 36 non-RAMPZ chips, none of which are
+  tight.
+- **Retire or revive the two dead variants.** They are kept only as the record
+  of the measurement; nothing builds them.
+
+## Files
+
+- `pureboot_autobaud_uni.cpp` — the loader. pureboot 5.
+- `pureboot_autobaud_pure.cpp`, `pureboot_autobaud_reg.cpp` — superseded, not
+  built; 530 and 534 B on the 1284P once the activation hang is fixed.
+- `pureboot.py` — `--autobaud`, the unified transfer path, `--peek`/`--poke`.
+- `test/pbautobaud.py` — the end-to-end sim test and the hang regression.
+- `local/scratch/autobaud/floor_1284.S` (libavr checkout) — the hand-asm floor
+  probe at 506 B, off-tree and gitignored; a size reference only. The unified
+  loader is 42 B under it, with features the probe never had.

pureboot/pureboot.cpp

@@ -26,17 +26,14 @@ constexpr std::uint8_t ack = '+';
 
 // Deployment parameters come from the build (pureboot_add_loader()). The
 // signature is not one of them: the chip database is the only universal
-// source — a tiny13A cannot read its own signature row from code. An autobaud
+// source — a tiny13A cannot read its own signature row from code.
-// build carries no clock and no baud at all; it measures both.
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ) || !defined(PUREBOOT_BAUD)
-#if !defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD) && (!defined(PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ) || !defined(PUREBOOT_BAUD))
 #error \
-    "PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ and PUREBOOT_BAUD select this build's clock and baud — create loader targets with pureboot_add_loader(), or PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD for a clock-free one (README.md)"
+    "PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ and PUREBOOT_BAUD select this build's clock and baud — create loader targets with pureboot_add_loader() (README.md)"
 #endif
 
-#if !defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD)
 using dev = avr::device<{.clock = avr::hertz_t{PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ}}>;
 constexpr avr::baud_t wire_baud{PUREBOOT_BAUD};
-#endif
 
 // The watchdog reset flag's home: MCUSR, or the classic megas' MCUCSR.
 consteval std::int16_t wdrf_field()
@@ -50,110 +47,60 @@ consteval std::int16_t wdrf_field()
 // runs from anywhere (Atmel-8271 §26) — keep the application's relocated
 // reset vector in the word under the slot.
 constexpr std::uint16_t slot_bytes = 512;
+constexpr std::uint32_t base = spm::flash_bytes - slot_bytes;
 constexpr std::uint16_t page = spm::page_bytes;
 constexpr bool boot_section = avr::hw::curated::has_boot_section();
 
-// Past 64 KiB one bank of flash does not cover the chip, so a transfer's
+// Past 64 KiB a byte address no longer fits the wire's 16 bits, so flash
-// selector byte carries the bank and the wire address stays a byte address
+// addresses there are word addresses ('J' always was one). A slot is 256 of
-// within it. 'J' is the exception: it is a word address everywhere, because
+// those — one value of a wire address's high byte, where 512 bytes span two.
-// that is what the hardware's own jump takes.
+constexpr bool word_flash = spm::flash_bytes > 65536;
-constexpr bool banked_flash = spm::flash_bytes > 65536;
+constexpr std::uint16_t wire_base =
+    word_flash ? static_cast<std::uint16_t>(base / 2) : static_cast<std::uint16_t>(base);
 
 // A compile-time window, so the whole EEPROM belongs to the application;
-// re-timing a deployed loader is a self-update with a re-timed build. An
+// re-timing a deployed loader is a self-update with a re-timed build.
-// autobaud build has no clock to convert seconds against and counts polls.
 #if !defined(PUREBOOT_TIMEOUT)
 #define PUREBOOT_TIMEOUT 8
 #endif
 constexpr std::uint8_t timeout_seconds = PUREBOOT_TIMEOUT;
 
-#if !defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS)
-#define PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS 4000000
-#endif
-constexpr avr::uint24_t autobaud_budget = PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS;
-
 // The loader's one identity number. The protocol carries none of its own —
 // a version implies it, and the host tool holds that map (README.md).
-constexpr std::uint8_t version = 5;
+constexpr std::uint8_t version = 4;
 
-// The image's identity stamp, for the host tool rather than for the wire: an
+// The 'b' reply, byte for byte (layout: README.md). Flash-resident because
-// update image is a bare 512-byte slot, and without this nothing in it says
+// no crt copies a .data image — and flash_table's storage carries the word
-// which chip it was built for. The tool refuses to install an image whose
+// alignment 'b' needs to halve the address on the large chips.
-// stamp does not match the device — flashing a foreign loader bricks the
+// One wire byte per line: this is the reply's layout, not a list.
-// target, and the loader itself cannot check what has already replaced it.
-//
-// Never read from flash by the loader — 'b' answers out of this array, but at
-// constant indices, so those fold to immediates and no runtime address of it
-// is ever formed. `used` keeps the compiler from dropping the copy the host
-// needs and `retain` keeps --gc-sections from collecting it.
 // clang-format off
-[[gnu::used, gnu::retain, gnu::section(".text.stamp")]]
+inline constexpr avr::flash_table<std::array<std::uint8_t, 12>{
-inline constexpr std::uint8_t identity_stamp[]{
+    'P',
-    'P', 'B',                      // the magic the host scans an image for
+    'B',
-    version,                       // and from here on, exactly what 'b' answers
+    version,
     avr::hw::db.signature[0],
     avr::hw::db.signature[1],
     avr::hw::db.signature[2],
-};
+    static_cast<std::uint8_t>(page),                                           // 0 means 256
+    wire_base & 0xff,
+    wire_base >> 8,
+    avr::hw::db.mem.eeprom_size & 0xff,
+    avr::hw::db.mem.eeprom_size >> 8,
+    static_cast<std::uint8_t>((boot_section ? 0 : 1) | (word_flash ? 2 : 0)),  // patch-vector, word-addressed
+}>
+    info_data;
 // clang-format on
-// Where the identity proper starts: past the magic the host scans for.
-constexpr std::uint8_t stamp_identity = 2;
 
-// The address spaces a transfer can name, in a selector byte's low nibble.
+// The serial link, per the build's PUREBOOT_USART / PUREBOOT_SOFT_SERIAL,
-// Flash is 0 so it is the cheapest to select.
+// defaulting to the chip's USART0 where it has one. The software receiver is
-//
+// the polled one: the vector table belongs to the application. Templates on
-// spm_ops is the one that is not memory: a write there hands its byte to
+// the clock, so only the selected backend instantiates. pending() is the
-// SPMCSR and fires the instruction at the transfer's address, which is how
+// cheap line test the activation window polls; drain() holds until the last
-// page erase, page write and RWW re-enable reach the wire without the loader
+// frame is off the wire, so a hand-over cannot let the target's re-init clip
-// carrying a command for each. The hardware's four-cycle store-to-SPM window
+// the ack.
-// is why this is one fused primitive and not a poke of SPMCSR — no host can
-// hit that window across a serial link.
-enum : std::uint8_t { sp_flash = 0, sp_eeprom = 1, sp_data = 2, sp_fuse = 3, sp_spm = 4 };
-
-// A selector's high nibble is the flash bank — the address bits above the
-// 16-bit wire address, RAMPZ on the chips that have one. Keeping it here
-// rather than widening the wire address is what lets one 16-bit cursor serve
-// every space: a 24-bit cursor would pay its extra byte on EEPROM and data
-// reads that can never need it.
-[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint8_t space_of(std::uint8_t selector)
-{
-	return selector & 0x0f;
-}
-
-[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint8_t bank_of(std::uint8_t selector)
-{
-	return static_cast<std::uint8_t>(selector >> 4);
-}
-
-// The slot a flash address falls in, as one byte. A slot is half as many words
-// as bytes, so the word address's high byte is exactly this index — which is
-// what lets the write guard compare a single byte, and what the running copy's
-// own return address yields for free.
-constexpr std::uint8_t slot_shift = std::countr_zero(slot_bytes);
-constexpr std::uint8_t bank_shift = 16 - slot_shift;
-
-[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint8_t slot_of([[maybe_unused]] std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at)
-{
-	const auto within = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(at >> slot_shift);
-	if constexpr (banked_flash)
-		return static_cast<std::uint8_t>((bank << bank_shift) | within);
-	else
-		return within;
-}
-
-// The serial link, per the build's PUREBOOT_USART / PUREBOOT_SOFT_SERIAL /
-// PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD, defaulting to the chip's USART0 where it has one. The
-// software receiver is the polled one: the vector table belongs to the
-// application. Templates on the clock, so only the selected backend
-// instantiates. pending() is the cheap line test the activation window polls;
-// drain() holds until the last frame is off the wire, so a hand-over cannot
-// let the target's re-init clip the ack.
 #if defined(PUREBOOT_SOFT_SERIAL) && defined(PUREBOOT_USART)
 #error "PUREBOOT_SOFT_SERIAL and PUREBOOT_USART select opposing serial backends"
 #endif
-#if defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD) && defined(PUREBOOT_USART)
-#error "PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD measures a software link; it cannot drive a hardware USART"
-#endif
 #if !defined(PUREBOOT_RX)
 #define PUREBOOT_RX pb0
 #endif
@@ -166,9 +113,9 @@ constexpr char usart_digit = '0' + PUREBOOT_USART;
 constexpr char usart_digit = '0';
 #endif
 
-template <avr::hertz_t C, avr::baud_t B>
+template <avr::hertz_t C>
 struct hardware_link {
-	using uart = avr::uart::usart<usart_digit, C, {.baud = B, .max_baud_error = 2.5_pct}>;
+	using uart = avr::uart::usart<usart_digit, C, {.baud = wire_baud, .max_baud_error = 2.5_pct}>;
 
 	// The compiled idle poll: lds UCSR0A (2), sbrc skipping the exit (2),
 	// sbiw + sbci + sbci + brne (6).
@@ -200,10 +147,10 @@ struct hardware_link {
 	}
 };
 
-template <avr::hertz_t C, avr::baud_t B>
+template <avr::hertz_t C>
 struct software_link {
-	using rx_t = avr::uart::software_rx_polled<C, avr::PUREBOOT_RX, B>;
+	using rx_t = avr::uart::software_rx_polled<C, avr::PUREBOOT_RX, wire_baud>;
-	using tx_t = avr::uart::software_tx<C, avr::PUREBOOT_TX, B>;
+	using tx_t = avr::uart::software_tx<C, avr::PUREBOOT_TX, wire_baud>;
 
 	// The compiled idle poll: sbis skipping the exit (2), sbiw + sbci +
 	// sbci + brne (6).
@@ -235,44 +182,14 @@ struct software_link {
 	}
 };
 
-// The clock-free link: the bit period is measured from the host's calibration
+#if defined(PUREBOOT_USART)
-// pulse instead of derived from a clock, so one image serves every F_CPU and
-// every rate. Activation differs in kind from the other two — there is no
-// clock to time a window against — so this backend brings its own, below.
-struct autobaud_link {
-	using uart = avr::uart::software_autobaud<avr::PUREBOOT_RX, avr::PUREBOOT_TX>;
-
-	static void init()
-	{
-		avr::init<uart>();
-	}
-
-	static std::uint8_t rx()
-	{
-		return uart::template read<off>();
-	}
-
-	static void tx(std::uint8_t byte)
-	{
-		uart::template write<off>(byte);
-	}
-
-	static void drain()
-	{
-		uart::drain();
-	}
-};
-
-#if defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD)
-using link = autobaud_link;
-#elif defined(PUREBOOT_USART)
 static_assert(avr::uart::has_usart<usart_digit>(), "PUREBOOT_USART selects a hardware USART this chip does not have");
-using link = hardware_link<dev::clock, wire_baud>;
+using link = hardware_link<dev::clock>;
 #elif defined(PUREBOOT_SOFT_SERIAL)
-using link = software_link<dev::clock, wire_baud>;
+using link = software_link<dev::clock>;
 #else
-using link = std::conditional_t<avr::uart::has_usart<usart_digit>(), hardware_link<dev::clock, wire_baud>,
+using link =
-                                software_link<dev::clock, wire_baud>>;
+    std::conditional_t<avr::uart::has_usart<usart_digit>(), hardware_link<dev::clock>, software_link<dev::clock>>;
 #endif
 
 // The application's entry, pinned by the linker (--defsym): word 0 on a
@@ -292,27 +209,6 @@ extern "C" [[noreturn]] void pureboot_app();
 	jump(pureboot_app);
 }
 
-// Activation: a bounded wait for the host, then the knock. Both forms boot the
-// application when the window closes on an idle line, and both bound *every*
-// wait — a knock awaited without a deadline would let one stray edge hold an
-// unattended device in the loader forever.
-#if defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD)
-// The window is a fixed poll budget: with no clock, whole seconds cannot be
-// timed. A uint24_t holds it — a fourth byte would cost two words at every
-// countdown step for range never used.
-void await_host()
-{
-	for (;;) {
-		if (!link::uart::calibrate(autobaud_budget))
-			run_app();
-		// The calibration pulse has already proven a host is there, so one
-		// byte activates. A knock that never arrives falls back to calibrate(),
-		// whose own budget then boots the application.
-		if (link::uart::template read<off>(autobaud_budget) == 'p')
-			return;
-	}
-}
-#else
 // The window as one 32-bit countdown, divided by the backend's counted
 // poll-loop cycles. Whole seconds is all it promises.
 consteval std::uint32_t window_polls()
@@ -339,14 +235,6 @@ std::uint8_t rx_deadline()
 	return link::rx();
 }
 
-void await_host()
-{
-	// 'p' then 'b', each under a fresh window; anything else is line noise.
-	while (rx_deadline() != 'p' || rx_deadline() != 'b') {
-	}
-}
-#endif
-
 // Inlined: read across a call, the first byte strands in a call-saved
 // register the caller has to push and pop.
 [[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t rx16()
@@ -364,92 +252,132 @@ void await_host()
 	return std::bit_cast<std::uint16_t>(pair);
 }
 
-// Out of line: several sites send it, and a call is shorter than a
+// Counts arrive in the wire's 8-bit form: 0 means 256. Both streamers fold
-// load-immediate at each.
+// into the one command that reads flash, which is what lets the far one's
+// 24-bit cursor sit in the command loop's own call-saved registers.
+[[maybe_unused, gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash_near(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	do
+		link::tx(avr::flash_load(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t *>(address++)));
+	while (--count);
+}
+
+// The 24-bit cursor as the machine holds it — the RAMPZ byte and a 16-bit Z,
+// carried apart; the reassembled address folds away inside the far load.
+[[maybe_unused, gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash_far(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	std::uint8_t rampz = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(address >> 15);
+	std::uint16_t z = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(address << 1);
+	do {
+		link::tx(avr::flash_load_far<std::uint8_t>((static_cast<std::uint32_t>(rampz) << 16) | z));
+		// Carrying the wrap is smaller than the flat 32-bit cursor GCC
+		// builds without it.
+		if (++z == 0)
+			++rampz;
+	} while (--count);
+}
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	if constexpr (word_flash)
+		send_flash_far(address, count);
+	else
+		send_flash_near(address, count);
+}
+
+// Out of line: three sites send it, and a call is shorter than three
+// load-immediates.
 [[gnu::noinline]] void tx_ack()
 {
 	link::tx(ack);
 }
 
-// A wire address and its selector's bank as the flash address they name.
+void send_eeprom(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
-[[gnu::always_inline]] inline spm::flash_address_t flash_address([[maybe_unused]] std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at)
 {
-	if constexpr (banked_flash)
+	do
-		return (static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(bank) << 16) | at;
+		link::tx(ee::read(address++));
-	else
+	while (--count);
-		return at;
 }
 
-// One byte out of any space. Every accessor shares the transfer's cursor, its
+// Host-paced: the ack goes out once the write has begun, so the next byte
-// loop and its call site, so a space costs only its own instruction rather
+// arrives while it completes and nothing is missed without a buffer.
-// than a body, a loop and a dispatch arm of its own.
+void store_eeprom(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
-[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint8_t load(std::uint8_t space, [[maybe_unused]] std::uint8_t bank,
-                                                std::uint16_t at)
 {
-	if (space == sp_eeprom)
+	do {
-		return ee::read(at);
+		ee::write<off>(address++, link::rx());
-	if (space == sp_data)
+		tx_ack();
-		return *reinterpret_cast<volatile std::uint8_t *>(at);
+	} while (--count);
-	if (space == sp_fuse)
-		return spm::read_fuse<off>(static_cast<spm::fuse>(at));
-	if constexpr (banked_flash)
-		return avr::flash_load_far<std::uint8_t>(flash_address(bank, at));
-	else
-		return avr::flash_load(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t *>(at));
 }
 
-// One byte into a writable space. Flash is not one of them — it arrives a
+// One page into the SPM buffer, then erase and program — except the slot
-// page at a time through 'W' and is committed through sp_spm — and the fuses
+// this code is running in (`slot_high`, from run()), which is drained and
-// are not writable at all: SPM reaches flash and boot lock bits only.
+// left alone. A broken host therefore cannot brick the running loader, and a
-[[gnu::always_inline]] inline void store(std::uint8_t space, std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at, std::uint8_t value,
+// copy one slot lower may rewrite the resident one.
-                                         std::uint8_t slot_high)
-{
-	if (space == sp_data) {
-		*reinterpret_cast<volatile std::uint8_t *>(at) = value;
-		return;
-	}
-	if (space == sp_spm) {
-		// The running-slot write guard. An SPM command aimed at the slot this
-		// code executes from is dropped, so a broken host cannot brick the
-		// running loader — while a copy one slot lower may still rewrite the
-		// resident one, which is what a self-update is. Guarding the commit
-		// rather than the page fill covers erase and write both, and leaves a
-		// refused page's words in the buffer: harmless, since the next page
-		// write auto-erases it (§26.2.1).
-		if (slot_of(bank, at) != slot_high)
-			spm::command<off>(value, flash_address(bank, at));
-		// Only a boot-sectioned mega runs on while its RWW section programs;
-		// everywhere else the CPU halts through erase and write, so the wait
-		// is already over by the time it returns.
-		if constexpr (boot_section)
-			spm::wait();
-		return;
-	}
-	// Host-paced: the ack goes out once the write has begun, so the next byte
-	// arrives while it completes and nothing is missed without a buffer.
-	ee::write<off>(at, value);
-}
-
-// One page into the SPM buffer, and only that: the erase and the write that
-// commit it are host-issued sp_spm stores, which reach the same fused
-// store-and-SPM pair through the transfer path's own address and data.
 //
 // Nothing discards the buffer first: it is write-once per word (§26.2.1), so
 // filling over a refused page or an application's leavings programs stale
 // words — but a page write auto-erases it (§26.2.1; §19.2 on the tinies), so
 // that write clears the condition and the host's read-back rewrites the page.
-void fill_page(std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at)
+void program_flash(std::uint16_t wire_address, std::uint8_t slot_high)
 {
 	// The address names a page, so its in-page bits are dropped and the walk
-	// starts at the page base; the low byte of the cursor is the whole in-page
+	// starts at the page base — one induction either way: a byte-addressed
-	// offset, since a page is aligned and never crosses a bank.
+	// wire address walks the page itself (the offset bits wrap back to zero),
-	std::uint16_t z = at & ~static_cast<std::uint16_t>(page - 1);
+	// while a word one becomes a byte cursor once. The slot index is the wire
-	do {
+	// address's high byte — on byte-addressed chips the byte address's, with
-		std::uint8_t low = link::rx();
+	// the low bit dropped, since a slot is two of those.
-		std::uint8_t high = link::rx();
+	spm::flash_address_t address;
-		spm::fill<off>(flash_address(bank, z), word_of({low, high}));
+	std::uint8_t page_high;
-		z += 2;
+	if constexpr (word_flash) {
-	} while (static_cast<std::uint8_t>(z) & (page - 1));
+		// A page is aligned, so it never crosses 64 KiB: RAMPZ is a per-page
+		// constant and the 16-bit Z's low byte is the whole in-page offset.
+		const std::uint8_t rampz = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(wire_address >> 15);
+		const std::uint16_t z0 = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(wire_address << 1) & ~static_cast<std::uint16_t>(page - 1);
+		std::uint16_t z = z0;
+		do {
+			std::uint8_t low = link::rx();
+			std::uint8_t high = link::rx();
+			spm::fill<off>((static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(rampz) << 16) | z, word_of({low, high}));
+			z += 2;
+		} while (static_cast<std::uint8_t>(z));
+		address = (static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(rampz) << 16) | z0;
+		page_high = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(wire_address >> 8);
+	} else {
+		address = static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(wire_address & ~static_cast<std::uint16_t>(page - 1));
+		do {
+			std::uint8_t low = link::rx();
+			std::uint8_t high = link::rx();
+			spm::fill<off>(address, word_of({low, high}));
+			address += 2;
+		} while (static_cast<std::uint8_t>(address) & (page - 1));
+		address -= 2; // back inside the page — erase and write ignore the word bits
+		page_high = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(address >> 8) & 0xfe;
+	}
+	if (page_high != slot_high) {
+		// Only a boot-sectioned mega runs on while its RWW section programs;
+		// everywhere else the CPU halts through erase and write.
+		spm::erase_page<off>(address);
+		if constexpr (boot_section)
+			spm::wait();
+		spm::write_page<off>(address);
+		if constexpr (boot_section)
+			spm::wait();
+	}
+	// Programming leaves the RWW section disabled; reads need it back on. The
+	// same store discards the buffer (§26.2.2), so a boot-sectioned mega never
+	// meets the stale-word case above.
+	if constexpr (boot_section)
+		spm::rww_enable<off>();
+}
+
+// The four fuse and lock bytes in the hardware's own Z order: low, lock,
+// extended, high.
+void send_fuses()
+{
+	std::uint8_t which = 0;
+	do
+		link::tx(spm::read_fuse<off>(static_cast<spm::fuse>(which)));
+	while (++which != 4);
 }
 
 [[noreturn]] void run()
@@ -461,14 +389,19 @@ void fill_page(std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at)
 
 	link::init();
 
-	// The slot this copy runs in, which the write guard follows: the return
+	// The high byte of the slot this copy runs at, which the write guard and
-	// address is a word address and a slot is half as many words as bytes, so
+	// the info block both follow: the return address is a word address, so its
-	// its high byte is the slot index outright. No absolute address is ever
+	// high byte is the 256-word slot index, doubled back into byte terms where
-	// formed, so the image stays position-independent.
+	// the wire counts bytes. Taken as byteswap's low byte — the builtin already
-	const auto return_words = reinterpret_cast<std::uint16_t>(__builtin_return_address(0));
+	// swaps the two stacked bytes, and the double swap folds away, where `>> 8`
-	const auto slot_high = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(return_words >> 8);
+	// would leave the swap materialized.
+	const std::uint16_t ra_words = reinterpret_cast<std::uint16_t>(__builtin_return_address(0));
+	const std::uint8_t ra_high = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(std::byteswap(ra_words));
+	const std::uint8_t slot_high = word_flash ? ra_high : static_cast<std::uint8_t>(ra_high << 1);
 
-	await_host();
+	// 'p' then 'b', each under a fresh window; anything else is line noise.
+	while (rx_deadline() != 'p' || rx_deadline() != 'b') {
+	}
 
 	for (;;) {
 		// No prompt while an EEPROM write runs: it blocks SPM and fuse reads
@@ -483,43 +416,47 @@ void fill_page(std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at)
 			link::drain();
 			jump(target);
 		}
-		case 'b': // identity: the version, then the three signature bytes
+		case 'b':   // info block, read relative to the running slot
-			// Straight out of the stamp, so the wire and the image can never
+		case 'R':   // read flash: addr16, n8 (0 = 256)
-			// disagree about what this loader is. The indices are constant and
+		case 'r':   // read EEPROM: addr16, n8
-			// the array is constexpr, so these are immediates, not flash reads:
+		case 'w': { // write EEPROM: addr16, n8, then n bytes each acked
-			// nothing here needs the stamp's runtime address.
+			// One address-and-count path for all four: 'b' is a flash read
-			for (std::uint8_t at = stamp_identity; at != sizeof identity_stamp; ++at)
+			// whose arguments the loader already knows, so it joins the
-				link::tx(identity_stamp[at]);
+			// wire-argument three rather than streaming from a call site of its
-			break;
+			// own. That leaves one flash streamer in the image, and lets its
-		case 'W':   // fill one flash page buffer: sel8, addr16, then page bytes
+			// cursor live in this never-returning loop's own call-saved
-		case 'G':   // read:  sel8, addr16, n8 (0 = 256)
+			// registers instead of being saved and restored around a call.
-		case 'g': { // write: sel8, addr16, n8, then n bytes, each acked
+			std::uint16_t address;
-			// One decode, one cursor and one loop for every space and both
+			std::uint8_t count;
-			// directions: a command per memory would carry a copy of all three
+			if (command == 'b') {
-			// each. 'W' joins the same decode rather than keeping an address
+				// The block sits in the image's first 256 bytes (check_pi.py
-			// form of its own, so flash addressing is uniform across every
+				// asserts it) and slots are 512-aligned, so the low byte of its
-			// command that names it.
+				// link address is its offset in any slot — halved where wire
-			const std::uint8_t selector = link::rx();
+				// units are words. The high byte is runtime data, so no
-			const std::uint8_t space = space_of(selector);
+				// absolute address is ever materialized.
-			const std::uint8_t bank = bank_of(selector);
+				const auto link_byte =
-			std::uint16_t at = rx16();
+				    static_cast<std::uint8_t>(reinterpret_cast<std::uint16_t>(info_data.storage.data()));
-			if (command == 'W') {
+				const std::uint8_t low = word_flash ? static_cast<std::uint8_t>(link_byte >> 1) : link_byte;
-				fill_page(bank, at);
+				address = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(low | (slot_high << 8));
-				break;
+				count = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(info_data.size());
+			} else {
+				address = rx16();
+				count = link::rx();
 			}
-			std::uint8_t count = link::rx();
+			if (command == 'r')
-			do {
+				send_eeprom(address, count);
-				// Read and write are one letter apart in case, so the direction
+			else if (command == 'w')
-				// is a single bit and the loop picks it with a one-word skip.
+				store_eeprom(address, count);
-				if (command & 0x20) {
+			else
-					store(space, bank, at, link::rx(), slot_high);
+				send_flash(address, count);
-					tx_ack();
-				} else
-					link::tx(load(space, bank, at));
-				++at;
-			} while (--count);
 			break;
 		}
+		case 'W': // program one flash page: addr16, page bytes
+			program_flash(rx16(), slot_high);
+			break;
+		case 'F': // fuse and lock bytes
+			send_fuses();
+			break;
 		default: // unknown bytes are ignored; the loop re-acks
 			break;
 		}

pureboot/pureboot.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ else:
     import termios
 
 PROMPT = b"+"
-VERSION = 4  # this tool's own version — free to drift from a loader's
+VERSION = 3  # this tool's own version — free to drift from a loader's
 # The loader versions this tool speaks. A pureboot version implies its wire
 # protocol, which carries no number of its own, so this window is where that
 # map lives: every version so far speaks the same protocol, and one that
@@ -34,38 +34,36 @@ NEWEST_LOADER = 5
 SLOT = 512  # the loader slot, on every chip
 RETRIES = 3  # rewrites of a page that reads back wrong, before the run stops
 
-# pureboot 5 replaced the four per-memory commands with one pair: 'G' reads and
+# pureboot 5 replaced the four per-memory commands with one unified pair: 'G'
-# 'g' writes, each taking a selector byte, a 16-bit address and a count, over
+# reads and 'g' writes, both taking a selector byte, a 16-bit address and a
-# the spaces below. The loader carries one transfer loop instead of four bodies
+# count, over the spaces below. The loader carries one transfer loop instead of
-# — which is what buys the data space and the host-issued SPM operations.
+# four bodies, which is what paid for RAM access and for the calibration fix.
 UNIFIED_LOADER = 5
 SP_FLASH, SP_EEPROM, SP_RAM, SP_FUSE, SP_SPM = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
 
-# A selector's high nibble is the flash bank — the address bits above the 16-bit
+# A selector's high nibble is flash's third address byte, so a transfer names a
-# wire address — so a transfer names a byte address within one 64 KiB bank and
+# byte address within a 64 KiB bank and never has to speak word addresses. No
-# no command has to speak word addresses. No single transfer may cross a bank
+# single transfer may cross a bank boundary — the host chunks to keep that true.
-# boundary; the host chunks to keep that true.
 def selector(space, address):
     return space | ((address >> 16) << 4)
 
 
 # The SPM operations pureboot 5 leaves to the host: a write to SP_SPM hands its
-# byte to SPMCSR and fires the instruction at the selected flash address. Every
+# data byte to SPMCSR and fires the instruction at the selected flash address.
-# part pureboot targets agrees on these encodings.
+# Every part pureboot targets agrees on these encodings.
 SPM_ERASE, SPM_WRITE, SPM_RWWSRE = 0x03, 0x05, 0x11
 
-# Calibration byte for an autobaud loader: 0xC0 is a start bit plus six zero
+# Calibration byte for the autobaud loader: 0xC0 is a start bit plus six zero
 # data bits — one low pulse of seven bit-times, which the loader times into its
 # per-bit unit. Sent at whatever baud the host chose; the loader locks to it.
 CALIBRATE = 0xC0
 
-# pureboot 5 answers 'b' with its version and the chip signature; the host
+# The autobaud loader slims its info block to the version and signature; the host
-# derives the rest of the geometry from the signature rather than reading a
+# derives the rest of the geometry from the signature. flash, page, eeprom,
-# table off the device. flash, page, eeprom, patch-vector per distinct
+# patch-vector per distinct signature, over every chip pureboot targets (the
-# signature, over every chip pureboot targets (the loader computes the same
+# loader computes the same from its chip database at build time). Die revisions
-# from its chip database at build time). Die revisions that share a signature
+# that share a signature share this row, as they share the silicon.
-# share this row, as they share the silicon.
+AUTOBAUD_GEOMETRY = {
-CHIP_GEOMETRY = {
     #  signature  : (flash, page, eeprom, patch_vector)
     (0x1E, 0x90, 0x07): (1024, 32, 64, True),      # ATtiny13/13A
     (0x1E, 0x91, 0x08): (2048, 32, 128, True),     # ATtiny25
@@ -361,26 +359,18 @@ class Info:
     """The 12-byte info block."""
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_identity(cls, raw):
+    def from_slim(cls, raw):
-        """pureboot 5's reply: the version and the chip signature. The rest of
+        """The autobaud loader's slimmed reply — version and signature only —
-        the geometry is looked up from the signature — the loader derived the
+        with the rest of the geometry looked up from the signature (the loader
-        same facts from its chip database at build time, so nothing is guessed,
+        derived it from the same chip facts at build time). Reconstructs the full
-        it is simply not sent. Reconstructs a block in the older layout, so
+        block so every derived attribute matches the fixed-baud path exactly."""
-        every derived attribute below is shared with the loaders that do send
-        one.
-
-        The base is where application flash ends, which is a property of the
-        chip and not of the copy answering: a loader staged one slot lower
-        reports the same geometry the resident one does, exactly as the loaders
-        that send a block do. Which slot a copy runs in matters only to its own
-        write guard, which is the loader's business."""
         if len(raw) != 4:
-            raise Error(f"bad identity reply: {raw.hex()}")
+            raise Error(f"bad slim info block: {raw.hex()}")
         version, signature = raw[0], tuple(raw[1:4])
-        geometry = CHIP_GEOMETRY.get(signature)
+        geometry = AUTOBAUD_GEOMETRY.get(signature)
         if geometry is None:
             sig = " ".join(f"{b:02x}" for b in signature)
-            raise Error(f"unknown signature {sig} — this tool has no geometry for it")
+            raise Error(f"unknown signature {sig} — this tool has no autobaud geometry for it")
         flash, page, eeprom, patch = geometry
         base = flash - SLOT
         word_flash = flash > 0x10000
@@ -403,11 +393,8 @@ class Info:
         self.signature = raw[3:6]
         self.page = raw[6] or 256  # the wire count convention: 0 means 256
         self.patch_vector = bool(raw[11] & 1)
-        # Bit 1: the flash runs past what one 16-bit address covers. Through
+        # Bit 1: flash addresses are words on the wire. Every address here
-        # pureboot 4 that made flash addresses words on the wire; pureboot 5
+        # stays a byte address and converts at the wire.
-        # keeps them bytes and carries the bank in the selector instead. Every
-        # address in this tool stays a byte address either way and converts at
-        # the wire.
         self.word_flash = bool(raw[11] & 2)
         scale = 2 if self.word_flash else 1
         self.base = (raw[7] | (raw[8] << 8)) * scale
@@ -437,7 +424,7 @@ class Info:
             f"version      pureboot {self.version}",
             f"signature    {' '.join(f'{b:02x}' for b in self.signature)}",
             f"flash        {self.flash_size} B, {self.page} B pages"
-            + (", past one 16-bit bank" if self.word_flash else ""),
+            + (", word-addressed wire" if self.word_flash else ""),
             f"application  0x0000..{self.base - 1:#06x} ({self.base} B)",
             f"loader       {self.base:#06x} ({SLOT} B slot)",
             f"staging      {self.stage:#06x}",
@@ -454,69 +441,70 @@ class Loader:
     def __init__(self, port):
         self.port = port
         self.info = None
-        # Set once a session is established over an autobaud link, so a
-        # re-entry after 'J' repeats the handshake that worked.
-        self.autobaud = False
 
-    def _read_identity(self):
+    def connect(self, wait):
-        """The 'b' reply, in either of the two layouts a loader may send.
+        """Knock until the info block comes back. The block is what proves the
-        pureboot 5 answers with its version and the signature; older loaders
+        loader is listening — a prompt byte alone does not, since one left over
-        answer with a 12-byte block. The version byte cannot be mistaken for
+        from a previous session can still be in the pipeline while the port
-        the older block's 'P', so four bytes are enough to tell them apart."""
+        opening resets the device into a fresh activation window, where a
-        head = self.port.read_exact(4, 2.0)
+        command without its knock is discarded. Each attempt is therefore the
-        if head[0:2] == b"PB":
+        whole handshake, retried until it produces the block or the window
-            return Info(head + self.port.read_exact(8, 2.0))
+        closes. Also converges into a live session: the knock bytes are ignored
-        return Info.from_identity(head)
+        there and the drain absorbs whatever they produced."""
-
-    def _handshake(self, wait, knock, what):
-        """One activation, retried until the loader answers or the window
-        closes. The identity reply is what proves the loader is listening — a
-        prompt byte alone does not, since one left over from a previous session
-        can still be in the pipeline while the port opening resets the device
-        into a fresh window, where a command without its knock is discarded.
-        Each attempt is therefore the whole handshake. This also converges into
-        an already-live session: the knock bytes are ignored there and the
-        drain absorbs whatever they produced."""
         deadline = time.monotonic() + wait
         knocks = 0
         while True:
             self.port.flush_input()
-            self.port.write(knock)
+            self.port.write(b"pb")
             knocks += 1
             if PROMPT in self.port.read_available(0.4):
                 while self.port.read_available(0.3):
                     pass
                 self.port.write(b"b")
                 try:
-                    # A version the tool cannot speak is the loader's own
+                    block = self.port.read_exact(12, 2.0)
-                    # answer, not a failed knock: Info reports it rather than
+                except Error:
-                    # sending the tool round the loop again.
+                    block = b""
-                    self.info = self._read_identity()
+                # A version the tool cannot speak is the loader's own answer,
-                except Error as failed:
+                # not a failed knock: Info reports it rather than retrying.
-                    if "pureboot" in str(failed):
+                if block[0:2] == b"PB":
-                        raise
+                    self.info = Info(block)
-                    self.info = None
-                if self.info is not None:
                     self._expect_prompt()
-                    verbose(f"loader answered {what} {knocks}; identity read")
+                    verbose(f"loader answered knock {knocks}; info block read")
                     return self.info
             if time.monotonic() > deadline:
                 raise Error("no answer — reset the device within its activation window")
 
-    def connect(self, wait):
-        """Knock 'p' then 'b' and read the identity."""
-        return self._handshake(wait, b"pb", "knock")
-
     def connect_autobaud(self, wait):
-        """The autobaud handshake. In place of the p+b knock the host sends the
+        """The autobaud handshake. Instead of the p+b knock, the host sends the
-        calibration pulse — one seven-bit-time low pulse at the host's chosen
+        0xC0 calibration pulse — a single seven-bit-time low pulse at the host's
-        baud, which the loader times into its per-bit unit — then a single 'p'
+        chosen baud — which the loader times into its per-bit unit, then a single
-        the loader decodes at the rate it just measured. A lost pulse, or a
+        'p' knock the loader decodes at the rate it just measured. As with
-        knock landing while the loader is mid-frame, simply fails to answer and
+        connect(), each attempt is the whole handshake, retried until the slim
-        leaves the measurement loop waiting for the next pulse, so the retry in
+        info block comes back or the window closes: a lost pulse or a knock that
-        _handshake covers it."""
+        lands while the loader is mid-frame simply fails to answer, and the
-        self.autobaud = True
+        loader's measurement loop is back waiting for the next pulse."""
-        return self._handshake(wait, bytes((CALIBRATE, ord("p"))), "calibration")
+        deadline = time.monotonic() + wait
+        knocks = 0
+        while True:
+            self.port.flush_input()
+            self.port.write(bytes((CALIBRATE, ord("p"))))
+            knocks += 1
+            if PROMPT in self.port.read_available(0.4):
+                while self.port.read_available(0.3):
+                    pass
+                self.port.write(b"b")
+                try:
+                    block = self.port.read_exact(4, 2.0)
+                except Error:
+                    block = b""
+                if len(block) == 4:
+                    self.info = Info.from_slim(block)
+                    self._expect_prompt()
+                    verbose(f"loader locked on knock {knocks}; slim info read")
+                    return self.info
+            if time.monotonic() > deadline:
+                raise Error("no answer — reset the device within its activation window")
 
     def _expect_prompt(self, timeout=2.0):
         byte = self.port.read_exact(1, timeout)
@@ -662,9 +650,8 @@ class Loader:
     def enter_copy(self, byte_address, wait):
         """Jump into the loader copy at `byte_address` and knock it — a slot
         base is that copy's entry stub, so it can only land there."""
-        autobaud = self.autobaud
         self.jump(byte_address // 2)
-        return self.connect_autobaud(wait) if autobaud else self.connect(wait)
+        return self.connect(wait)
 
     def run_application(self):
         self.jump(self.info.app_entry_word)
@@ -831,26 +818,12 @@ def mega_boot(info, fuse_bytes):
 
 
 def image_info(image):
-    """What a pureboot binary says about itself, or None.
+    """The info block embedded in a pureboot binary, or None. Searched once
-
+    per known version, so the magic stays three selective bytes rather than
-    An update image is a bare slot: nothing about it names the chip it was
+    two that code could carry by chance."""
-    built for, and installing a foreign one bricks the target — so every
-    loader carries a stamp for this. Through pureboot 4 the stamp is the
-    12-byte info block the device also serves; pureboot 5 serves its identity
-    from immediates and carries a 6-byte stamp (magic, version, signature)
-    that only this exists for, from which the geometry is looked up exactly as
-    it is for a live device.
-
-    Searched once per known version, so the magic stays three selective bytes
-    rather than two that code could carry by chance."""
     for version in range(OLDEST_LOADER, NEWEST_LOADER + 1):
         at = image.find(b"PB" + bytes((version,)))
-        if at < 0:
+        if 0 <= at <= len(image) - 12:
-            continue
-        if version >= UNIFIED_LOADER:
-            if at <= len(image) - 6:
-                return Info.from_identity(image[at + 2 : at + 6])
-        elif at <= len(image) - 12:
             return Info(image[at : at + 12])
     return None
 
@@ -1040,10 +1013,7 @@ def op_update_loader(loader, wait, path, state_path, fuse_bytes):
     # it and matching byte for byte, and the slot unchanged since this update
     # began, so a half-written install takes the path below instead.
     current = loader.read_flash(info.stage, SLOT)
-    # The whole slot is searched: a loader's stamp sits wherever its image put
+    staged_loader = image_info(current[:268])
-    # it, which is the end of the code on pureboot 5 and the front of it
-    # before that.
-    staged_loader = image_info(current)
     if staged_loader is not None and staged_loader.raw == info.raw and current == state.staging:
         print("staging slot already holds a loader — left in place")
     else:

pureboot/pureboot_autobaud_pure.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+// SUPERSEDED — kept for the record, not built. With the activation hang fixed
+// (a lone calibration pulse used to wedge the loader, see autobaud.md) this
+// version is 530 B on the 1284P against a 512 B slot. Its 4 B of margin was
+// never spare capacity; it was the space the missing fix should have occupied.
+// pureboot_autobaud_uni.cpp replaces it at 464 B with more features.
+//
+// pureboot autobaud — the software-serial variant that measures the host's bit
+// timing at runtime, so one binary runs at any F_CPU: the image carries no
+// clock. THE PURE VERSION — no inline assembly, no global register variables,
+// exactly the constraints the fixed-baud loader keeps.
+//
+// Two source files exist for review (autobaud.md):
+// this one, pure, and pureboot_autobaud_reg.cpp, which keeps the running-slot
+// write guard at the cost of one global register variable. They differ only in
+// where the measured unit lives and whether the guard is present.
+//
+// What this version trades to fit 512 B in pure C++ (the 1284 at 508), each
+// licensed by "the host guarantees safety" (README.md) and the owner's approval
+// to simplify the info block:
+//   - the measured per-bit unit lives in the two general-purpose I/O scratch
+//     registers (GPIOR) where the chip has them, in a static otherwise —
+//     reached through libavr's named register surface, so no asm and no global
+//     register variable; the loader stays pure;
+//   - the info block is slimmed to the version and the signature — the chip's
+//     identity — from which the host derives page size, loader base, EEPROM
+//     size and the addressing flags via its own chip database;
+//   - no running-slot write guard: the host never programs the loader's own
+//     slot, and a broken host bricking the target is the host's bug;
+//   - a single-byte activation knock: the calibration pulse already proves a
+//     host is present.
+//
+// Position independence is kept and is in fact total here: control flow is
+// PC-relative, the wire carries addresses, and with the slimmed info block and
+// no write guard nothing anchors on the runtime address at all.
+
+#include <libavr/libavr.hpp>
+
+#include <util/delay_basic.h>
+
+using namespace avr::literals;
+namespace spm = avr::spm;
+namespace ee = avr::eeprom;
+namespace hw = avr::hw;
+
+namespace pureboot {
+namespace {
+
+// Purely polled: every interrupt guard folds to nothing.
+constexpr auto off = avr::irq::guard_policy::unused;
+
+constexpr std::uint8_t ack = '+';
+
+// Autobaud carries no clock, so PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ / PUREBOOT_BAUD are not
+// consulted; only the software-UART pins are a deployment parameter.
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_RX)
+#define PUREBOOT_RX pb0
+#endif
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_TX)
+#define PUREBOOT_TX pb1
+#endif
+
+// The watchdog reset flag's home: MCUSR, or the classic megas' MCUCSR.
+consteval std::int16_t wdrf_field()
+{
+	auto reg = std::string_view{hw::db.regs[static_cast<std::size_t>(avr::power::detail::reset_reg())].name};
+	return hw::db.field_index(reg, "WDRF");
+}
+
+// The loader owns the top 512 bytes; a staging copy goes in the slot below.
+constexpr std::uint16_t slot_bytes = 512;
+constexpr std::uint32_t base = spm::flash_bytes - slot_bytes;
+constexpr std::uint16_t page = spm::page_bytes;
+constexpr bool boot_section = hw::curated::has_boot_section();
+
+// Past 64 KiB a byte address no longer fits the wire's 16 bits, so flash
+// addresses there are word addresses ('J' always was one).
+constexpr bool word_flash = spm::flash_bytes > 65536;
+
+// The loader's one identity number (README.md); the slimmed info block carries
+// it and the signature, and the host maps a version to its protocol.
+constexpr std::uint8_t version = 4;
+
+// The activation window as a fixed poll budget: with no clock, whole seconds
+// cannot be timed. A __uint24 (AVR's three-byte type) holds it — a fourth byte
+// would cost two words at each countdown step for range never used.
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS)
+#define PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS 4000000
+#endif
+constexpr __uint24 autobaud_budget = PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS;
+
+// The measured per-bit delay (in _delay_loop_2 four-cycle iterations). It lives
+// in the two adjacent general-purpose I/O scratch registers (GPIOR1:GPIOR2)
+// where the chip has them — in/out reach them in one word where a static's
+// lds/sts take two, and there is no .bss to clear — and in a plain static
+// otherwise (the t13, m8 and m16/32 have no GPIOR). Both are pure: the named
+// register surface, no inline asm, no global register variable.
+constexpr bool have_gpior = hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR1") >= 0 && hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR2") >= 0;
+
+std::uint16_t unit_backing;
+
+template <bool Gpior = have_gpior>
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t get_unit()
+{
+	if constexpr (Gpior)
+		return static_cast<std::uint16_t>(hw::reg_impl<hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR1")>::read() |
+		                                  (hw::reg_impl<hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR2")>::read() << 8));
+	else
+		return unit_backing;
+}
+
+template <bool Gpior = have_gpior>
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline void put_unit(std::uint16_t u)
+{
+	if constexpr (Gpior) {
+		hw::reg_impl<hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR1")>::write(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(u));
+		hw::reg_impl<hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR2")>::write(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(u >> 8));
+	} else
+		unit_backing = u;
+}
+
+// The autobaud software link: bit-banged with cycle-counted delays like the
+// fixed-baud software backend, but the per-bit delay is the measured unit, not
+// a consteval constant. rx/tx load the unit once into a local, so each bit
+// spins from a register with no per-bit reload.
+struct link {
+	using in_t = avr::io::input<avr::PUREBOOT_RX, avr::io::pull::up>;
+	using out_t = avr::io::output<avr::PUREBOOT_TX>;
+
+	static void init()
+	{
+		avr::init<in_t, out_t>();
+		out_t::set(); // idle high
+	}
+
+	// Time the calibration pulse into the unit. The host sends 0xC0 — a start
+	// bit plus six zero data bits are one low pulse of seven bit-times — and the
+	// counted poll loop is seven cycles an iteration, so the count is the pulse
+	// length in cycles ÷ 7 × 7 = one bit period in cycles, and count >> 2 is that
+	// period in _delay_loop_2's four-cycle iterations. Waits for the start edge
+	// under the poll budget; 0 (returned, and stored) means the budget expired.
+	static std::uint16_t measure(__uint24 budget)
+	{
+		while (in_t::read())
+			if (!--budget)
+				return 0;
+		std::uint16_t count = 0;
+		while (!in_t::read())
+			++count;
+		const std::uint16_t u = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(count >> 2);
+		put_unit(u);
+		return u;
+	}
+
+	// The eight data bits, entered just past the falling edge of the start bit.
+	// Split out of rx() so the activation path can wait for that edge under a
+	// budget while the command loop waits for it indefinitely.
+	static std::uint8_t sample()
+	{
+		const std::uint16_t unit = get_unit();
+		_delay_loop_2(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(unit + (unit >> 1))); // 1.5 bits to the LSB centre
+		std::uint8_t value = 0;
+		for (std::uint8_t bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
+			value >>= 1;
+			if (in_t::read())
+				value |= 0x80;
+			_delay_loop_2(unit);
+		}
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	static std::uint8_t rx()
+	{
+		while (in_t::read()) // await the start edge
+			;
+		return sample();
+	}
+
+	// A byte under the poll budget, for the activation knock. An expired budget
+	// returns 0, which is not the knock, so the caller falls back into the
+	// budgeted measure() — and a line that stays idle boots the application
+	// there. Without this the knock's edge wait was unbounded, so a single
+	// spurious calibration pulse (EMI, or a host that opens the port and never
+	// knocks) wedged the loader and the application never ran.
+	static std::uint8_t rx_bounded(__uint24 budget)
+	{
+		while (in_t::read())
+			if (!--budget)
+				return 0;
+		return sample();
+	}
+
+	static void tx(std::uint8_t value)
+	{
+		const std::uint16_t unit = get_unit();
+		out_t::clear(); // start bit
+		_delay_loop_2(unit);
+		for (std::uint8_t bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
+			out_t::write(value & 1);
+			value >>= 1;
+			_delay_loop_2(unit);
+		}
+		out_t::set(); // stop bit
+		_delay_loop_2(unit);
+	}
+
+	static void drain()
+	{
+		// The software transmitter returns only after the stop bit.
+	}
+};
+
+extern "C" [[noreturn]] void pureboot_app();
+
+[[gnu::noipa, noreturn]] void jump(void (*target)())
+{
+	target();
+	__builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+[[gnu::noinline, noreturn]] void run_app()
+{
+	jump(pureboot_app);
+}
+
+// Inlined: read across a call, the first byte strands in a call-saved register
+// the caller has to push and pop.
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t rx16()
+{
+	std::uint16_t low = link::rx();
+	return static_cast<std::uint16_t>(low | (link::rx() << 8));
+}
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t word_of(std::array<std::uint8_t, 2> pair)
+{
+	return std::bit_cast<std::uint16_t>(pair);
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused, gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash_near(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	do
+		link::tx(avr::flash_load(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t *>(address++)));
+	while (--count);
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused, gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash_far(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	std::uint8_t rampz = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(address >> 15);
+	std::uint16_t z = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(address << 1);
+	do {
+		link::tx(avr::flash_load_far<std::uint8_t>((static_cast<std::uint32_t>(rampz) << 16) | z));
+		if (++z == 0)
+			++rampz;
+	} while (--count);
+}
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	if constexpr (word_flash)
+		send_flash_far(address, count);
+	else
+		send_flash_near(address, count);
+}
+
+[[gnu::noinline]] void tx_ack()
+{
+	link::tx(ack);
+}
+
+void send_eeprom(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	do
+		link::tx(ee::read(address++));
+	while (--count);
+}
+
+void store_eeprom(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	do {
+		ee::write<off>(address++, link::rx());
+		tx_ack();
+	} while (--count);
+}
+
+// One page into the SPM buffer, then erase and program. No running-slot write
+// guard: the host guarantees it never targets the loader's own slot (the pure
+// version's one dropped safety net, licensed — README.md).
+void program_flash(std::uint16_t wire_address)
+{
+	spm::flash_address_t address;
+	if constexpr (word_flash) {
+		const std::uint8_t rampz = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(wire_address >> 15);
+		const std::uint16_t z0 = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(wire_address << 1) & ~static_cast<std::uint16_t>(page - 1);
+		std::uint16_t z = z0;
+		do {
+			std::uint8_t low = link::rx();
+			std::uint8_t high = link::rx();
+			spm::fill<off>((static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(rampz) << 16) | z, word_of({low, high}));
+			z += 2;
+		} while (static_cast<std::uint8_t>(z));
+		address = (static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(rampz) << 16) | z0;
+	} else {
+		address = static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(wire_address & ~static_cast<std::uint16_t>(page - 1));
+		do {
+			std::uint8_t low = link::rx();
+			std::uint8_t high = link::rx();
+			spm::fill<off>(address, word_of({low, high}));
+			address += 2;
+		} while (static_cast<std::uint8_t>(address) & (page - 1));
+		address -= 2; // back inside the page — erase and write ignore the word bits
+	}
+	spm::erase_page<off>(address);
+	if constexpr (boot_section)
+		spm::wait();
+	spm::write_page<off>(address);
+	if constexpr (boot_section)
+		spm::wait();
+	if constexpr (boot_section)
+		spm::rww_enable<off>();
+}
+
+void send_fuses()
+{
+	std::uint8_t which = 0;
+	do
+		link::tx(spm::read_fuse<off>(static_cast<spm::fuse>(which)));
+	while (++which != 4);
+}
+
+[[noreturn]] void run()
+{
+	if (hw::field_impl<wdrf_field()>::test())
+		run_app();
+
+	link::init();
+
+	// Measure the calibration pulse into the unit, then take one 'p' knock. An
+	// expired budget (no host) boots the application; a pulse that decodes to
+	// anything but 'p' re-measures.
+	for (;;) {
+		if (link::measure(autobaud_budget) == 0)
+			run_app();
+		if (link::rx_bounded(autobaud_budget) == 'p')
+			break;
+	}
+
+	for (;;) {
+		ee::wait();
+		tx_ack();
+		const std::uint8_t command = link::rx();
+		switch (command) {
+		case 'J': { // jump to a wire word address: hand-over and staging transfer
+			auto target = reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(rx16());
+			tx_ack();
+			link::drain();
+			jump(target);
+		}
+		case 'b': // chip identity: version then the three signature bytes
+			link::tx(version);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[0]);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[1]);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[2]);
+			break;
+		case 'R':   // read flash: addr16, n8 (0 = 256)
+		case 'r':   // read EEPROM: addr16, n8
+		case 'w': { // write EEPROM: addr16, n8, then n bytes each acked
+			// One address-and-count path for the three, so the flash streamer
+			// keeps a single call site and inlines into this never-returning
+			// loop — its cursor then lives in the loop's own call-saved
+			// registers instead of being saved and restored around a call
+			// (the call-site-count lesson, autobaud.md).
+			const std::uint16_t address = rx16();
+			const std::uint8_t count = link::rx();
+			if (command == 'r')
+				send_eeprom(address, count);
+			else if (command == 'w')
+				store_eeprom(address, count);
+			else
+				send_flash(address, count);
+			break;
+		}
+		case 'W': // program one flash page: addr16, page bytes
+			program_flash(rx16());
+			break;
+		case 'F': // fuse and lock bytes
+			send_fuses();
+			break;
+		default: // unknown bytes are ignored; the loop re-acks
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace pureboot
+
+template struct avr::startup::entry<pureboot::run>;

pureboot/pureboot_autobaud_reg.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,371 @@
+// SUPERSEDED — kept for the record, not built. With the activation hang fixed
+// (a lone calibration pulse used to wedge the loader, see autobaud.md) this
+// version is 534 B on the 1284P against a 512 B slot, so the global register
+// variable it broke purity for buys nothing. pureboot_autobaud_uni.cpp replaces
+// it at 464 B, strictly pure and with more features.
+//
+// pureboot autobaud — the software-serial variant that measures the host's bit
+// timing at runtime, so one binary runs at any F_CPU: the image carries no
+// clock. THE REGISTER VERSION — keeps the running-slot write guard, at the cost
+// of one global register variable (r4) holding the measured unit. That variable
+// is pureboot's single, deliberate break from its no-global-register-variable
+// rule, present only in this variant; everything else stays pure C++.
+//
+// Two source files exist for review (autobaud.md):
+// pureboot_autobaud_pure.cpp, fully pure but dropping the write guard, and this
+// one. They differ only in where the measured unit lives (a call-saved register
+// here, GPIOR/RAM there) and whether the guard is present.
+//
+// The register buys ~32 B over a RAM home — an outlined rx/tx reads it with one
+// move where a static costs an lds — and that is what lets the write guard stay
+// while the image still fits 512 B (the 1284 at 512, exactly). The unit is
+// written once through a noinline setter so the store lands immediately before a
+// ret: GCC otherwise deletes a global-register store whose only readers are
+// callees (autobaud.md, upstream bug 6).
+//
+// Simplifications shared with the pure version, each licensed: a slimmed info
+// block (version + signature; the host derives geometry from its chip database)
+// and a single-byte activation knock (the calibration pulse already proves a
+// host). Position independence is kept: control flow is PC-relative and the
+// write guard anchors on the runtime return address, as the fixed-baud loader.
+
+#include <libavr/libavr.hpp>
+
+#include <util/delay_basic.h>
+
+using namespace avr::literals;
+namespace spm = avr::spm;
+namespace ee = avr::eeprom;
+namespace hw = avr::hw;
+
+// The measured per-bit delay (in _delay_loop_2 four-cycle iterations) in a
+// call-saved register that the serial callees read directly, so no wire path
+// threads it and rx/tx reach it with a move, not a load. Written only through
+// set_unit() below.
+register std::uint16_t g_unit asm("r4");
+
+namespace pureboot {
+namespace {
+
+// Purely polled: every interrupt guard folds to nothing.
+constexpr auto off = avr::irq::guard_policy::unused;
+
+constexpr std::uint8_t ack = '+';
+
+// Autobaud carries no clock; only the software-UART pins are a parameter.
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_RX)
+#define PUREBOOT_RX pb0
+#endif
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_TX)
+#define PUREBOOT_TX pb1
+#endif
+
+consteval std::int16_t wdrf_field()
+{
+	auto reg = std::string_view{hw::db.regs[static_cast<std::size_t>(avr::power::detail::reset_reg())].name};
+	return hw::db.field_index(reg, "WDRF");
+}
+
+constexpr std::uint16_t slot_bytes = 512;
+constexpr std::uint32_t base = spm::flash_bytes - slot_bytes;
+constexpr std::uint16_t page = spm::page_bytes;
+constexpr bool boot_section = hw::curated::has_boot_section();
+constexpr bool word_flash = spm::flash_bytes > 65536;
+
+constexpr std::uint8_t version = 4;
+
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS)
+#define PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS 4000000
+#endif
+constexpr __uint24 autobaud_budget = PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS;
+
+// The one store into g_unit, isolated so it lands right before the ret: a
+// global-register store whose only later readers are callees is dropped
+// otherwise (autobaud.md, upstream bug 6).
+[[gnu::noinline]] void set_unit(std::uint16_t v)
+{
+	g_unit = v;
+}
+
+// The autobaud software link: bit-banged with cycle-counted delays, but the
+// per-bit delay is g_unit, measured from the host's calibration pulse.
+struct link {
+	using in_t = avr::io::input<avr::PUREBOOT_RX, avr::io::pull::up>;
+	using out_t = avr::io::output<avr::PUREBOOT_TX>;
+
+	static void init()
+	{
+		avr::init<in_t, out_t>();
+		out_t::set(); // idle high
+	}
+
+	// Time the calibration pulse into g_unit. The host sends 0xC0 — a start bit
+	// plus six zero data bits are one low pulse of seven bit-times — and the
+	// counted poll loop is seven cycles an iteration, so count >> 2 is the bit
+	// period in _delay_loop_2's four-cycle iterations. 0 means the budget
+	// expired.
+	static std::uint16_t measure(__uint24 budget)
+	{
+		while (in_t::read())
+			if (!--budget)
+				return 0;
+		std::uint16_t count = 0;
+		while (!in_t::read())
+			++count;
+		const std::uint16_t u = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(count >> 2);
+		set_unit(u);
+		return u;
+	}
+
+	// The eight data bits, entered just past the falling edge of the start bit.
+	// Split out of rx() so the activation path can wait for that edge under a
+	// budget while the command loop waits for it indefinitely.
+	static std::uint8_t sample()
+	{
+		_delay_loop_2(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(g_unit + (g_unit >> 1))); // 1.5 bits to the LSB centre
+		std::uint8_t value = 0;
+		for (std::uint8_t bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
+			value >>= 1;
+			if (in_t::read())
+				value |= 0x80;
+			_delay_loop_2(g_unit);
+		}
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	static std::uint8_t rx()
+	{
+		while (in_t::read()) // await the start edge
+			;
+		return sample();
+	}
+
+	// A byte under the poll budget, for the activation knock. An expired budget
+	// returns 0, which is not the knock, so the caller falls back into the
+	// budgeted measure() — and a line that stays idle boots the application
+	// there. Without this the knock's edge wait was unbounded, so a single
+	// spurious calibration pulse (EMI, or a host that opens the port and never
+	// knocks) wedged the loader and the application never ran.
+	static std::uint8_t rx_bounded(__uint24 budget)
+	{
+		while (in_t::read())
+			if (!--budget)
+				return 0;
+		return sample();
+	}
+
+	static void tx(std::uint8_t value)
+	{
+		out_t::clear(); // start bit
+		_delay_loop_2(g_unit);
+		for (std::uint8_t bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
+			out_t::write(value & 1);
+			value >>= 1;
+			_delay_loop_2(g_unit);
+		}
+		out_t::set(); // stop bit
+		_delay_loop_2(g_unit);
+	}
+
+	static void drain()
+	{
+		// The software transmitter returns only after the stop bit.
+	}
+};
+
+extern "C" [[noreturn]] void pureboot_app();
+
+[[gnu::noipa, noreturn]] void jump(void (*target)())
+{
+	target();
+	__builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+[[gnu::noinline, noreturn]] void run_app()
+{
+	jump(pureboot_app);
+}
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t rx16()
+{
+	std::uint16_t low = link::rx();
+	return static_cast<std::uint16_t>(low | (link::rx() << 8));
+}
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t word_of(std::array<std::uint8_t, 2> pair)
+{
+	return std::bit_cast<std::uint16_t>(pair);
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused, gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash_near(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	do
+		link::tx(avr::flash_load(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t *>(address++)));
+	while (--count);
+}
+
+[[maybe_unused, gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash_far(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	std::uint8_t rampz = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(address >> 15);
+	std::uint16_t z = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(address << 1);
+	do {
+		link::tx(avr::flash_load_far<std::uint8_t>((static_cast<std::uint32_t>(rampz) << 16) | z));
+		if (++z == 0)
+			++rampz;
+	} while (--count);
+}
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline void send_flash(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	if constexpr (word_flash)
+		send_flash_far(address, count);
+	else
+		send_flash_near(address, count);
+}
+
+[[gnu::noinline]] void tx_ack()
+{
+	link::tx(ack);
+}
+
+void send_eeprom(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	do
+		link::tx(ee::read(address++));
+	while (--count);
+}
+
+void store_eeprom(std::uint16_t address, std::uint8_t count)
+{
+	do {
+		ee::write<off>(address++, link::rx());
+		tx_ack();
+	} while (--count);
+}
+
+// One page into the SPM buffer, then erase and program — except the slot this
+// code is running in (`slot_high`, from run()), which is drained and left
+// alone. A broken host therefore cannot brick the running loader, and a copy one
+// slot lower may rewrite the resident one.
+void program_flash(std::uint16_t wire_address, std::uint8_t slot_high)
+{
+	spm::flash_address_t address;
+	std::uint8_t page_high;
+	if constexpr (word_flash) {
+		const std::uint8_t rampz = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(wire_address >> 15);
+		const std::uint16_t z0 = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(wire_address << 1) & ~static_cast<std::uint16_t>(page - 1);
+		std::uint16_t z = z0;
+		do {
+			std::uint8_t low = link::rx();
+			std::uint8_t high = link::rx();
+			spm::fill<off>((static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(rampz) << 16) | z, word_of({low, high}));
+			z += 2;
+		} while (static_cast<std::uint8_t>(z));
+		address = (static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(rampz) << 16) | z0;
+		page_high = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(wire_address >> 8);
+	} else {
+		address = static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(wire_address & ~static_cast<std::uint16_t>(page - 1));
+		do {
+			std::uint8_t low = link::rx();
+			std::uint8_t high = link::rx();
+			spm::fill<off>(address, word_of({low, high}));
+			address += 2;
+		} while (static_cast<std::uint8_t>(address) & (page - 1));
+		address -= 2; // back inside the page — erase and write ignore the word bits
+		page_high = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(address >> 8) & 0xfe;
+	}
+	if (page_high != slot_high) {
+		spm::erase_page<off>(address);
+		if constexpr (boot_section)
+			spm::wait();
+		spm::write_page<off>(address);
+		if constexpr (boot_section)
+			spm::wait();
+	}
+	if constexpr (boot_section)
+		spm::rww_enable<off>();
+}
+
+void send_fuses()
+{
+	std::uint8_t which = 0;
+	do
+		link::tx(spm::read_fuse<off>(static_cast<spm::fuse>(which)));
+	while (++which != 4);
+}
+
+[[noreturn]] void run()
+{
+	if (hw::field_impl<wdrf_field()>::test())
+		run_app();
+
+	link::init();
+
+	// The high byte of the slot this copy runs at, which the write guard
+	// follows: the return address is a word address, so its high byte is the
+	// 256-word slot index, doubled back into byte terms on a byte-addressed
+	// chip. Taken as byteswap's low byte — the builtin already swaps the two
+	// stacked bytes, and the double swap folds away.
+	const std::uint16_t ra_words = reinterpret_cast<std::uint16_t>(__builtin_return_address(0));
+	const std::uint8_t ra_high = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(std::byteswap(ra_words));
+	const std::uint8_t slot_high = word_flash ? ra_high : static_cast<std::uint8_t>(ra_high << 1);
+
+	// Measure the calibration pulse into g_unit, then take one 'p' knock. An
+	// expired budget (no host) boots the application; a pulse that decodes to
+	// anything but 'p' re-measures.
+	for (;;) {
+		if (link::measure(autobaud_budget) == 0)
+			run_app();
+		if (link::rx_bounded(autobaud_budget) == 'p')
+			break;
+	}
+
+	for (;;) {
+		ee::wait();
+		tx_ack();
+		const std::uint8_t command = link::rx();
+		switch (command) {
+		case 'J': { // jump to a wire word address: hand-over and staging transfer
+			auto target = reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(rx16());
+			tx_ack();
+			link::drain();
+			jump(target);
+		}
+		case 'b': // chip identity: version then the three signature bytes
+			link::tx(version);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[0]);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[1]);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[2]);
+			break;
+		case 'R':   // read flash: addr16, n8 (0 = 256)
+		case 'r':   // read EEPROM: addr16, n8
+		case 'w': { // write EEPROM: addr16, n8, then n bytes each acked
+			// One address-and-count path for the three, so the flash streamer
+			// keeps a single call site and inlines into this never-returning
+			// loop (autobaud.md).
+			const std::uint16_t address = rx16();
+			const std::uint8_t count = link::rx();
+			if (command == 'r')
+				send_eeprom(address, count);
+			else if (command == 'w')
+				store_eeprom(address, count);
+			else
+				send_flash(address, count);
+			break;
+		}
+		case 'W': // program one flash page: addr16, page bytes
+			program_flash(rx16(), slot_high);
+			break;
+		case 'F': // fuse and lock bytes
+			send_fuses();
+			break;
+		default: // unknown bytes are ignored; the loop re-acks
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace pureboot
+
+template struct avr::startup::entry<pureboot::run>;

pureboot/pureboot_autobaud_uni.cpp

@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+// pureboot autobaud, the unified-primitive version — VARIANT A, an explicit
+// space byte. One read command and one write command carry a space selector, so
+// flash, EEPROM, RAM and the fuses share a single cursor, a single transfer loop
+// and a single argument decode instead of one command body each.
+//
+// Strictly pure: no inline assembly, no global register variables, and no GPIOR
+// either — the measured unit lives in a plain static, so the loader claims no
+// chip resource an application might want. (PUREBOOT_UNIT_GPIOR=1 puts it back
+// in the I/O scratch registers, kept only as a measurement axis.)
+//
+// Against pureboot_autobaud_pure.cpp this version:
+//   - adds RAM read and write, which the loader has never had. Because AVR maps
+//     the register file and the whole I/O space into the data address space,
+//     that one space also gives the host arbitrary peripheral access for free;
+//   - collapses 'R' (read flash), 'r' (read EEPROM), 'w' (write EEPROM) and 'F'
+//     (fuses) — four bodies, four loops — into 'G' and 'P' over four spaces;
+//   - fixes the activation hang: a lone calibration pulse used to leave the
+//     loader blocked forever in the knock's rx(), so a stray edge on an
+//     unattended device wedged it in the loader and the application never ran.
+//
+// Position independence is kept and is total: control flow is PC-relative, the
+// wire carries addresses, and nothing anchors on the runtime address.
+
+#include <libavr/libavr.hpp>
+
+#include <util/delay_basic.h>
+
+using namespace avr::literals;
+namespace spm = avr::spm;
+namespace ee = avr::eeprom;
+namespace hw = avr::hw;
+
+namespace pureboot {
+namespace {
+
+// Purely polled: every interrupt guard folds to nothing.
+constexpr auto off = avr::irq::guard_policy::unused;
+
+constexpr std::uint8_t ack = '+';
+
+// Autobaud carries no clock, so PUREBOOT_CLOCK_HZ / PUREBOOT_BAUD are not
+// consulted; only the software-UART pins are a deployment parameter.
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_RX)
+#define PUREBOOT_RX pb0
+#endif
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_TX)
+#define PUREBOOT_TX pb1
+#endif
+
+// The unit's home. A plain static by default — pureboot claims no GPIOR, so the
+// application keeps both scratch registers. The GPIOR spelling is retained
+// behind a macro purely so the two can be measured against each other.
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_UNIT_GPIOR)
+#define PUREBOOT_UNIT_GPIOR 0
+#endif
+
+// The watchdog reset flag's home: MCUSR, or the classic megas' MCUCSR.
+consteval std::int16_t wdrf_field()
+{
+	auto reg = std::string_view{hw::db.regs[static_cast<std::size_t>(avr::power::detail::reset_reg())].name};
+	return hw::db.field_index(reg, "WDRF");
+}
+
+// The loader owns the top 512 bytes; a staging copy goes in the slot below.
+constexpr std::uint16_t slot_bytes = 512;
+constexpr std::uint32_t base = spm::flash_bytes - slot_bytes;
+constexpr std::uint16_t page = spm::page_bytes;
+constexpr bool boot_section = hw::curated::has_boot_section();
+
+// Past 64 KiB a byte address no longer fits the wire's 16 bits, so flash
+// addresses there are word addresses ('J' always was one).
+constexpr bool word_flash = spm::flash_bytes > 65536;
+
+// The loader's one identity number (README.md); the slimmed info block carries
+// it and the signature, and the host maps a version to its protocol.
+constexpr std::uint8_t version = 5;
+
+// The activation window as a fixed poll budget: with no clock, whole seconds
+// cannot be timed. A __uint24 (AVR's three-byte type) holds it — a fourth byte
+// would cost two words at each countdown step for range never used.
+#if !defined(PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS)
+#define PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS 4000000
+#endif
+constexpr __uint24 autobaud_budget = PUREBOOT_AUTOBAUD_POLLS;
+
+// The two SPM commands the loader still has to recognise by value, on the chips
+// where it cannot issue a runtime one generically. Taken from the chip's own
+// definitions rather than spelled 3 and 5 — though every part pureboot targets
+// agrees on those, which is what lets the host send the raw SPMCSR byte.
+constexpr std::uint8_t spm_erase = __BOOT_PAGE_ERASE;
+constexpr std::uint8_t spm_write = __BOOT_PAGE_WRITE;
+
+// The spaces a transfer can name. Flash is 0 so it is the cheap default.
+//
+// sp_spm is the one that is not memory: a write there hands its data byte to
+// SPMCSR and fires the instruction at the given flash address, so page erase,
+// page write and RWW re-enable become host-issued commands instead of a
+// hardcoded tail inside 'W'. The store side already owns an address, a data
+// byte and an ack, so the whole sequence costs only the fused out/spm pair. It
+// also lets the host reach every other SPM operation — lock bits included —
+// which the loader previously had no way to expose.
+enum : std::uint8_t { sp_flash = 0, sp_eeprom = 1, sp_ram = 2, sp_fuse = 3, sp_spm = 4 };
+
+// A transfer's selector byte is `space | bank << 4`: the low nibble names the
+// space, the high nibble carries flash's third address byte (RAMPZ) on the
+// chips that have one. Putting the bank here rather than widening the address
+// keeps the shared cursor sixteen bits for every space — a three-byte cursor
+// costs its extra increment on EEPROM and RAM reads too, which never need it.
+// The host must not span a bank boundary in one transfer; it already chunks by
+// page, so nothing it does today comes close.
+
+// .noinit, not .bss: the unit is always measured before it is read, so it needs
+// no zeroing — and a zeroed .bss would drag in __do_clear_bss, 18 bytes of
+// startup code for a variable that is written before its first use.
+[[gnu::section(".noinit")]] std::uint16_t unit_backing;
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t get_unit()
+{
+#if PUREBOOT_UNIT_GPIOR
+	return static_cast<std::uint16_t>(hw::reg_impl<hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR1")>::read() |
+	                                  (hw::reg_impl<hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR2")>::read() << 8));
+#else
+	return unit_backing;
+#endif
+}
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline void put_unit(std::uint16_t u)
+{
+#if PUREBOOT_UNIT_GPIOR
+	hw::reg_impl<hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR1")>::write(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(u));
+	hw::reg_impl<hw::db.reg_index("GPIOR2")>::write(static_cast<std::uint8_t>(u >> 8));
+#else
+	unit_backing = u;
+#endif
+}
+
+// The autobaud software link: bit-banged with cycle-counted delays like the
+// fixed-baud software backend, but the per-bit delay is the measured unit, not
+// a consteval constant. rx/tx load the unit once into a local, so each bit
+// spins from a register with no per-bit reload.
+struct link {
+	using in_t = avr::io::input<avr::PUREBOOT_RX, avr::io::pull::up>;
+	using out_t = avr::io::output<avr::PUREBOOT_TX>;
+
+	static void init()
+	{
+		avr::init<in_t, out_t>();
+		out_t::set(); // idle high
+	}
+
+	// Time the calibration pulse into the unit. The host sends 0xC0 — a start
+	// bit plus six zero data bits are one low pulse of seven bit-times — and the
+	// counted poll loop is seven cycles an iteration, so the count is the pulse
+	// length in cycles ÷ 7 × 7 = one bit period in cycles, and count >> 2 is that
+	// period in _delay_loop_2's four-cycle iterations. Waits for the start edge
+	// under the poll budget; 0 (returned, and stored) means the budget expired.
+	//
+	// The shape of the counting loop is load-bearing, not incidental: the >> 2
+	// is exact only while the pulse's bit-count equals the loop's cycles per
+	// iteration. Both are 7 here (sbis 1 + rjmp 2 + adiw 2 + rjmp 2). Reshaping
+	// this loop silently changes the lock; test/pbautobaud.py is what pins it.
+	static std::uint16_t measure(__uint24 budget)
+	{
+		while (in_t::read())
+			if (!--budget)
+				return 0;
+		std::uint16_t count = 0;
+		while (!in_t::read())
+			++count;
+		const std::uint16_t u = static_cast<std::uint16_t>(count >> 2);
+		put_unit(u);
+		return u;
+	}
+
+	// The eight data bits, entered just past the falling edge of the start bit.
+	// Split out of rx() so the activation path can wait for that edge under a
+	// budget while the command loop waits for it indefinitely.
+	static std::uint8_t sample()
+	{
+		const std::uint16_t unit = get_unit();
+		_delay_loop_2(static_cast<std::uint16_t>(unit + (unit >> 1))); // 1.5 bits to the LSB centre
+		std::uint8_t value = 0;
+		for (std::uint8_t bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
+			value >>= 1;
+			if (in_t::read())
+				value |= 0x80;
+			_delay_loop_2(unit);
+		}
+		return value;
+	}
+
+	static std::uint8_t rx()
+	{
+		while (in_t::read()) // await the start edge
+			;
+		return sample();
+	}
+
+	// A byte under the poll budget, for the activation knock. An expired budget
+	// returns 0, which is not the knock, so the caller falls back into the
+	// budgeted measure() — and a line that stays idle boots the application
+	// there. That is the whole hang fix: no wait during activation is unbounded,
+	// so a stray calibration pulse can no longer wedge the loader.
+	static std::uint8_t rx_bounded(__uint24 budget)
+	{
+		while (in_t::read())
+			if (!--budget)
+				return 0;
+		return sample();
+	}
+
+	static void tx(std::uint8_t value)
+	{
+		const std::uint16_t unit = get_unit();
+		out_t::clear(); // start bit
+		_delay_loop_2(unit);
+		for (std::uint8_t bit = 0; bit < 8; ++bit) {
+			out_t::write(value & 1);
+			value >>= 1;
+			_delay_loop_2(unit);
+		}
+		out_t::set(); // stop bit
+		_delay_loop_2(unit);
+	}
+
+	static void drain()
+	{
+		// The software transmitter returns only after the stop bit.
+	}
+};
+
+extern "C" [[noreturn]] void pureboot_app();
+
+[[gnu::noipa, noreturn]] void jump(void (*target)())
+{
+	target();
+	__builtin_unreachable();
+}
+
+[[gnu::noinline, noreturn]] void run_app()
+{
+	jump(pureboot_app);
+}
+
+// Inlined: read across a call, the first byte strands in a call-saved register
+// the caller has to push and pop.
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t rx16()
+{
+	std::uint16_t low = link::rx();
+	return static_cast<std::uint16_t>(low | (link::rx() << 8));
+}
+
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint16_t word_of(std::array<std::uint8_t, 2> pair)
+{
+	return std::bit_cast<std::uint16_t>(pair);
+}
+
+[[gnu::noinline]] void tx_ack()
+{
+	link::tx(ack);
+}
+
+// One byte out of any space. The four accessors share the cursor, the loop and
+// the call site — the whole point of the unified commands — so each costs only
+// its own instruction rather than a body, a loop and a dispatch arm.
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline std::uint8_t load(std::uint8_t space, std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at)
+{
+	if (space == sp_eeprom)
+		return ee::read(at);
+	if (space == sp_ram)
+		return *reinterpret_cast<volatile std::uint8_t *>(at);
+	if (space == sp_fuse)
+		return spm::read_fuse<off>(static_cast<spm::fuse>(at));
+	if constexpr (word_flash)
+		return avr::flash_load_far<std::uint8_t>((static_cast<std::uint32_t>(bank) << 16) | at);
+	else
+		return avr::flash_load(reinterpret_cast<const std::uint8_t *>(at));
+}
+
+// One byte into a writable space. Flash is not one of them — it arrives a page
+// at a time through 'W' — and the fuses are not writable at all.
+[[gnu::always_inline]] inline void store(std::uint8_t space, [[maybe_unused]] std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at,
+                                         std::uint8_t value)
+{
+	if (space == sp_ram) {
+		*reinterpret_cast<volatile std::uint8_t *>(at) = value;
+		return;
+	}
+	if (space == sp_spm) {
+		// The fused store-and-fire: SPMCSR takes the data byte and the SPM
+		// issues against Z in the same unscheduled pair the hardware's
+		// four-cycle window demands, which is exactly why this is one
+		// primitive and not a poke of SPMCSR followed by a poke of anything
+		// else. A host cannot hit that window across a serial link.
+		// The preprocessor rather than `if constexpr` only because
+		// spm::detail::page_command does not exist at all where there is no
+		// RAMPZ, and a discarded constexpr branch outside a template is still
+		// name-checked. A generic spm::command() in libavr would let the
+		// runtime command through on every chip and retire the dispatch below.
+#if defined(RAMPZ)
+		spm::detail::page_command(value, (static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(bank) << 16) | at);
+#else
+		if (value == spm_erase)
+			spm::erase_page<off>(at);
+		else if (value == spm_write)
+			spm::write_page<off>(at);
+		else if constexpr (boot_section)
+			spm::rww_enable<off>();
+#endif
+		if constexpr (boot_section)
+			spm::wait();
+		return;
+	}
+	ee::write<off>(at, value);
+}
+
+// One page into the SPM buffer, and only that: the erase, the write and the RWW
+// re-enable that used to follow are now three host-issued writes to sp_spm,
+// which reach the same fused out/spm pair through the store path's own address
+// and data. No running-slot write guard: the host guarantees it never targets
+// the loader's own slot (licensed — README.md).
+void program_flash([[maybe_unused]] std::uint8_t bank, std::uint16_t at)
+{
+	std::uint16_t z = at & ~static_cast<std::uint16_t>(page - 1);
+	do {
+		std::uint8_t low = link::rx();
+		std::uint8_t high = link::rx();
+#if defined(RAMPZ)
+		spm::fill<off>((static_cast<spm::flash_address_t>(bank) << 16) | z, word_of({low, high}));
+#else
+		spm::fill<off>(z, word_of({low, high}));
+#endif
+		z += 2;
+	} while (static_cast<std::uint8_t>(z) & (page - 1));
+}
+
+[[noreturn]] void run()
+{
+	if (hw::field_impl<wdrf_field()>::test())
+		run_app();
+
+	link::init();
+
+	// Measure the calibration pulse into the unit, then take one 'p' knock —
+	// both under the poll budget. An expired budget (no host) boots the
+	// application; anything but 'p', including the knock timing out, re-measures
+	// and so returns to the budgeted wait that boots it.
+	for (;;) {
+		if (link::measure(autobaud_budget) == 0)
+			run_app();
+		if (link::rx_bounded(autobaud_budget) == 'p')
+			break;
+	}
+
+	for (;;) {
+		ee::wait();
+		tx_ack();
+		const std::uint8_t command = link::rx();
+		switch (command) {
+		case 'J': { // jump to a wire word address: hand-over and staging transfer
+			auto target = reinterpret_cast<void (*)()>(rx16());
+			tx_ack();
+			link::drain();
+			jump(target);
+		}
+		case 'b': // chip identity: version then the three signature bytes
+			link::tx(version);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[0]);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[1]);
+			link::tx(hw::db.signature[2]);
+			break;
+		case 'W':   // program one flash page: sel8, addr16, then page bytes
+		case 'G':   // read:  sel8, addr16, n8 (0 = 256)
+		case 'g': { // write: sel8, addr16, n8, then n bytes each acked
+			// The unified transfer. One decode, one cursor, one loop for every
+			// space and both directions — the four command bodies this replaces
+			// each carried their own copy of all three. Read and write are the
+			// same letter in the two cases, so the direction is bit 5 of the
+			// command and the loop tests it with a one-word skip. 'W' joins the
+			// same selector-and-address decode rather than keeping a word
+			// address of its own, which makes flash addressing uniform across
+			// every command that names it and costs nothing to share.
+			const std::uint8_t sel = link::rx();
+			const std::uint8_t space = sel & 0x0f;
+			const std::uint8_t bank = static_cast<std::uint8_t>(sel >> 4);
+			std::uint16_t at = rx16();
+			if (command == 'W') {
+				program_flash(bank, at);
+				break;
+			}
+			std::uint8_t count = link::rx();
+			do {
+				if (command & 0x20) {
+					store(space, bank, at, link::rx());
+					tx_ack();
+				} else
+					link::tx(load(space, bank, at));
+				++at;
+			} while (--count);
+			break;
+		}
+		default: // unknown bytes are ignored; the loop re-acks
+			break;
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+} // namespace
+} // namespace pureboot
+
+template struct avr::startup::entry<pureboot::run>;

test/check_pi.py

@@ -1,75 +1,47 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python3
-"""Position-independence lint: the property that lets the identical image run
+"""Position-independence lint: the two link-time facts that let the identical
-from any slot, asserted from the built ELF and its object.
+image run from any slot, asserted from the built ELF.
 
   1. No absolute jmp/call — -mrelax normally guarantees it, but a branch that
      grows out of relaxation range would break it silently.
-  2. Nothing flash-resident to address: the image is .text alone, so there is
+  2. The info block within the image's first 256 bytes: 'b' rebuilds its
-     no table whose runtime address has to be reconstructed.
+     address as (running slot high byte : link address low byte).
-  3. The image is byte-identical when linked at a different base. This is
-     position independence itself rather than a proxy for it — an absolute
-     address anywhere in the image would move with the link and show up as a
-     differing byte.
 
-Usage: check_pi.py <objdump> <objcopy> <cxx> <mcu> <elf> <object> <text_start_hex>
+Usage: check_pi.py <objdump> <nm> <elf> <text_start_hex>
 """
 
-import os
 import re
 import subprocess
 import sys
-import tempfile
-
-
-def fail(message):
-    print(f"FAIL: {message}")
-    sys.exit(1)
 
 
 def main():
-    objdump, objcopy, cxx, mcu, elf, obj, text_start = sys.argv[1:]
+    objdump, nm, elf, text_start = sys.argv[1:]
     text_start = int(text_start, 0)
 
     listing = subprocess.run([objdump, "-d", elf], capture_output=True, text=True, check=True).stdout
-    absolute = [line for line in listing.splitlines() if re.search(r"\t(jmp|call)\t", line)]
+    absolute = [
+        line
+        for line in listing.splitlines()
+        if re.search(r"\t(jmp|call)\t", line)
+    ]
     if absolute:
-        fail("absolute control flow in the image:\n" + "\n".join(absolute))
+        print("FAIL: absolute control flow in the image:")
+        print("\n".join(absolute))
+        sys.exit(1)
 
-    # Allocated flash beyond .text would be data the running copy has to find.
+    symbols = subprocess.run([nm, "-C", elf], capture_output=True, text=True, check=True).stdout
-    # Only ALLOC sections reach the device at all; .comment and the debug
+    info = [line for line in symbols.splitlines() if "flash_table" in line and "::storage" in line]
-    # sections ride along in the ELF container and are never flashed. objdump
+    if len(info) != 1:
-    # prints each section's flags on the line following its header.
+        print(f"FAIL: expected one info-block storage symbol, found {len(info)}")
-    headers = subprocess.run([objdump, "-h", elf], capture_output=True, text=True, check=True).stdout.splitlines()
+        sys.exit(1)
-    for index, line in enumerate(headers):
+    address = int(info[0].split()[0], 16)
-        fields = line.split()
+    offset = address - text_start
-        if len(fields) < 6 or not fields[0].isdigit():
+    if not 0 <= offset < 256:
-            continue
+        print(f"FAIL: info block at image offset {offset:#x}, must sit in the first 256 bytes")
-        name, size = fields[1], int(fields[2], 16)
+        sys.exit(1)
-        flags = headers[index + 1] if index + 1 < len(headers) else ""
-        if "ALLOC" not in flags or not size:
-            continue
-        if name not in (".text", ".noinit", ".bss"):
-            fail(f"flash-resident section {name} ({size} bytes): the image must be .text alone")
 
-    # Relink at a different base and compare the bytes.
+    print(f"PI lint: control flow PC-relative, info block at offset {offset:#x}")
-    with tempfile.TemporaryDirectory() as work:
-        elsewhere = text_start - 0x200 if text_start >= 0x200 else text_start + 0x200
-        images = []
-        for base, tag in ((text_start, "here"), (elsewhere, "there")):
-            relinked = os.path.join(work, f"{tag}.elf")
-            binary = os.path.join(work, f"{tag}.bin")
-            subprocess.run(
-                [cxx, f"-mmcu={mcu}", "-nostartfiles", f"-Wl,--section-start=.text={base:#x}",
-                 "-Wl,--defsym=pureboot_app=0", "-mrelax", obj, "-o", relinked],
-                check=True, capture_output=True)
-            subprocess.run([objcopy, "-O", "binary", relinked, binary], check=True)
-            images.append(open(binary, "rb").read())
-        if images[0] != images[1]:
-            differing = [i for i, (a, b) in enumerate(zip(*images)) if a != b]
-            fail(f"the image changes when linked at {elsewhere:#x} instead of {text_start:#x}: "
-                 f"{len(differing)} byte(s) differ, first at offset {differing[0]:#x}")
-
-    print(f"PI lint: control flow PC-relative, .text only, identical linked at {text_start:#x} and {elsewhere:#x}")
 
 
 if __name__ == "__main__":

test/pbtest.py

@@ -55,12 +55,6 @@ def main():
     # the page byte is the wire's 0-means-256.
     mega = mcu.startswith("atmega")
     patch = not mega or mcu.startswith("atmega48")
-    # Where SRAM begins: the x8 and x4 megas push it past their extended I/O
-    # space, everything else starts right after the plain I/O registers. The
-    # loader keeps no statics and its stack sits at RAMEND, so the first SRAM
-    # byte is free for the data-space probe below.
-    classic = mcu in ("atmega8", "atmega8a", "atmega16", "atmega16a", "atmega32", "atmega32a")
-    ram_base = 0x0100 if mega and not classic else 0x0060
     word_flash = base + pb.SLOT > 0x10000
     wire_base = base // 2 if word_flash else base
     flags = (1 if patch else 0) | (2 if word_flash else 0)
@@ -79,20 +73,12 @@ def main():
             if needed not in out:
                 fail(f"session 1 output lacks {needed!r}")
 
-        # Session 2: reconnect into the live session, verify, dump, exercise
+        # Session 2: reconnect into the live session, verify, dump, hand over
-        # the data space; hand over is deferred — the pty must be reopened for
+        # is deferred — the pty must be reopened for the APP banner first.
-        # the APP banner first.
-        probe = "c0ffee"
         out = pbsim.run_tool(tool, device.pty, baud, "--verify-flash", app_bin, "--verify-eeprom", ee_path,
-                             "--read-flash", read_flash, "--read-eeprom", read_eeprom,
+                             "--read-flash", read_flash, "--read-eeprom", read_eeprom, "--stay")
-                             "--poke", f"{ram_base:#x}:{probe}", "--peek", f"{ram_base:#x}:3", "--stay")
         if out.count("verify:") != 2:
             fail("session 2 did not verify both memories")
-        # What went into SRAM must come back out of it: the data space is one
-        # more selector on the same transfer as flash and EEPROM, so a wrong
-        # selector decode would show up here and nowhere else.
-        if probe not in out.replace(" ", ""):
-            fail(f"data-space round trip at {ram_base:#x} did not read back {probe}\n{out}")
 
         eeprom_back = open(read_eeprom, "rb").read()
         if eeprom_back[: len(ee_image)] != ee_image:
@@ -124,16 +110,12 @@ def main():
                      f"{pb.OLDEST_LOADER}..{pb.NEWEST_LOADER}")
 
             # A W addressed inside a page rather than at its base must still
-            # consume exactly one page and prompt. The loader's own slot is the
+            # consume exactly one page and prompt. The loader's own slot is
-            # target — the guard refuses to commit it — and the payload is
+            # the target — it is drained and never programmed — and the
-            # erased-state bytes, so the probe can disturb neither the image nor
+            # payload is erased-state bytes, so the probe can disturb neither
-            # the page buffer it leaves behind. Hand-built rather than through
+            # the image nor the page buffer it leaves behind.
-            # write_page(), which would follow the fill with its erase and
+            wire = wire_base + 1
-            # write; the point here is that the fill alone consumes exactly one
+            port.write(bytes((ord("W"), wire & 0xFF, wire >> 8)) + b"\xff" * page)
-            # page whatever the address's low bits say.
-            wire = base + 1
-            port.write(bytes((ord("W"), pb.selector(pb.SP_FLASH, wire), wire & 0xFF, (wire >> 8) & 0xFF))
-                       + b"\xff" * page)
             if port.read_exact(1, 5.0) != pb.PROMPT:
                 fail("unaligned W did not return to the prompt")
 

test/pureboot_device.c

@@ -182,16 +182,9 @@ static avr_cycle_count_t tx_sample(avr_t *mcu, avr_cycle_count_t when, void *par
 {
 	(void)mcu;
 	(void)param;
-	if (tx_bit < 8) {
+	tx_shift = (uint8_t)((tx_shift >> 1) | (tx_level ? 0x80 : 0));
-		tx_shift = (uint8_t)((tx_shift >> 1) | (tx_level ? 0x80 : 0));
+	if (++tx_bit < 8)
-		if (++tx_bit < 8)
-			return when + bit_cycles;
-		/* The byte is not delivered until its stop bit has passed. A real
-		 * receiver cannot answer sooner, and a host that did would put its
-		 * start bit on the wire while the device is still driving the stop
-		 * bit — which the device, transmitting, is not watching for. */
 		return when + bit_cycles;
-	}
 	if (write(pty_master, &tx_shift, 1) != 1)
 		fprintf(stderr, "device: pty write lost a byte\n");
 	tx_active = 0;

test/test_planner.py

@@ -30,14 +30,8 @@ def info_of(pb, base, page, patch, flash, signature=(0x1E, 0x93, 0x0B), word_fla
     scale = 2 if word_flash else 1
     wire_base = base // scale
     flags = (1 if patch else 0) | (2 if word_flash else 0)
-    # The EEPROM size comes from the signature, as it must: pureboot 5 derives
-    # the whole geometry from the signature rather than sending it, so a
-    # synthetic block that disagreed with its own signature would describe a
-    # chip that cannot exist.
-    eeprom = pb.CHIP_GEOMETRY[signature][2]
     raw = bytes((0x50, 0x42, pb.NEWEST_LOADER if version is None else version,
-                 *signature, page & 0xFF, wire_base & 0xFF, wire_base >> 8,
+                 *signature, page & 0xFF, wire_base & 0xFF, wire_base >> 8, 0, 2, flags))
-                 eeprom & 0xFF, eeprom >> 8, flags))
     info = pb.Info(raw)
     if info.flash_size != flash:
         fail(f"info_of({base:#x}) decodes to {info.flash_size:#x} of flash, not {flash:#x}")
@@ -168,16 +162,11 @@ def main():
         fail("mega staging content should be the bare image")
     expect_error("mega staging size", lambda: pb.staging_content(image + b"!", mega), "512")
 
-    # The image stamp: found in a synthetic binary, absent in noise. pureboot
+    # The embedded info block: found in a synthetic binary, absent in noise.
-    # 5 stamps the magic, its version and the signature, and the geometry is
+    binary = bytes((0xAA,)) * 10 + tiny.raw + bytes((0xBB,)) * 10
-    # looked up from there — so what comes back must equal what a live device
-    # of the same chip reports.
-    stamp = bytes((0x50, 0x42, pb.NEWEST_LOADER)) + bytes(tiny.signature)
-    binary = bytes((0xAA,)) * 10 + stamp + bytes((0xBB,)) * 10
     found = pb.image_info(binary)
     if found is None or found.raw != tiny.raw:
-        fail(f"image_info misreads the v{pb.NEWEST_LOADER} stamp: "
+        fail("image_info misses the embedded block")
-             f"{found.raw.hex() if found else None} != {tiny.raw.hex()}")
     if pb.image_info(bytes((0xAA,)) * 40) is not None:
         fail("image_info invents a block")
     # An older loader's image stays readable, so a deployed build can be